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Principles - Microbiology > Systemic Bacteriology 2 > Flashcards

Systemic Bacteriology 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is virulence?

A

The ability of a microbe to cause damage to the host

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2
Q

What is an opportunistic pathogen?

A

One that causes infection when a change in the natural immunity arises

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3
Q

What is an endogenous pathogen?

A

One that is already in the body that becomes pathogenic

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4
Q

What is an exogenous pathogen?

A

One that comes from outside the host

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5
Q

What are commensal pathogen?

A

Ones that are part of the normal flora

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6
Q

What are bacteria?

A

Prokaryotic, single celled organisms

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7
Q

What are the main infectious agents?

A

Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Protozoa

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8
Q

What are three examples of protozoa?

A

Amoeba
Plasmodium
Toxoplasma

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9
Q

What are two examples of gram negative prokaryotic pathogens?

A

Neisseria

Escherichia

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10
Q

What are four examples of gram positive prokaryotic pathogens?

A

Streptococcus
Staphylococcus
Enterococcus
Clostridia

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11
Q

What are the two species of neisseria that are pathogenic?

A

Neisseria meningitidis

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

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12
Q

How do gram negative cocci appear on gram film?

A

In pairs - diplococci

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13
Q

What are the two types of gram negative bacteria that are associated with the GI tract?

A

Gut commensal coliforms

Significant gut pathogens

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14
Q

What are examples of gut commensal coliforms?

A

Most strains of E. coli
Klebsiella
Enterobacter
Proteus

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15
Q

What are examples of significant gut pathogens?

A

Salmonella
Shigella
Verotoxin producing E. coli

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16
Q

What are coliforms?

A

Species of gram negative bacteria that look like E. coli on gram film and when cultured on blood agar

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17
Q

Are coliforms aerobic or anaerobic?

A

Grow best aerobically but can grow anaerobically

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18
Q

How are coliforms differentiated from each other?

A

Biochemical structures

Antigenic structure of cell wall - O and H antigens

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19
Q

What can coliforms cause when they get into normally sterile sites?

A

UTI
Peritonitis
Bilary tract infection

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20
Q

What is the first line antibiotic used for treatment of infections caused by coliforms?

A

Gentamicin

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21
Q

Why do patients with coliform sepsis become very unwell very quickly?

A

Because of the endotoxin released from the gram negative cell wall when the bacteria die

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22
Q

What is the O antigen?

A

Cell wall

23
Q

What is the H antigen?

A

Flagella

24
Q

What is sepsis?

A

Host response to severe infection

25
Q

What are on the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria?

A

Asymmetric membrane
Lipopolysaccharides
Peptidoglycan
Lipoproteins

26
Q

What happens in the body during sepsis? (4)

A

Small blood vessels become permeable and lose fluid into the tissues
Lower blood volume requires the heart to work harder to maintain oxygenation of the tissues so HR increases
Poor tissue oxygen perfusion means blood supply to less essential organs is shut down
Blood clotting system activated causing clotting in tiny vessels which uses up all clotting factors so increased risk of haemorrhage

27
Q

What are the stages of sepsis in increasing severity?

A

Infectin
Sepsis
Severe sepsis
Septic shock

28
Q

What are examples of streptococcus?

A

Pneumonia

Group A Streptococcus

29
Q

What is an example of enterococcus?

A

Enteric infection

30
Q

What does GAS stand for?

A

Group A streptococci

31
Q

How are streptococci classified and what are the groups?

A

Haemolysis

Alpha, beta, gamma

32
Q

What type of haemolysis are GAS?

A

Beta

33
Q

What is alpha-haemolysis

A

Partial haemolysis

Caused by enzymes that denature the haemoglobin inside red blood cells causing greenish discolouration

34
Q

What is beta-haemolysis?

A

Complete haemolysis

Caused by enzymes that break down red blood cells causing complete clearing around the colony

35
Q

Which are the most pathogenic streptococci?

A

Beta-haemolytic

36
Q

What is gamma-haemolysis?

A

No haemolysis

37
Q

What are examples of diseases associated with Group A Streptococci?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes
Bete-haemolytic
Streptococcal sore throat
Invasive diseases

38
Q

What is pneumonia?

A

An acute inflammation of th lungs, often caused by inhales pneumococci of the species streptococcus pneumoniae
The alveoli and bronchioles of the lung become plugged with a fibrous exudate

39
Q

What are GAS a major cause of?

A

Skin diseases

Autoimmune disease

40
Q

What kind of haemolysis do streptococcus pneumoniae cause?

A

Alpha

41
Q

What is the most important group of non-haemolytic streptococci?

A

Enterococci

42
Q

What are the two types of enterococci?

A

Enterococcus faecalis

Enterococcus faecium

43
Q

In what way are enterococci dangerous?

A

Can cause problems if the y get into a normally sterile site

44
Q

What are enterococci a common cause of?

A

UTI

45
Q

What antibiotic are most strains of enterococci sensitive to?

A

Amoxicillin

46
Q

What are two species of staphylococcus?

A

S. aureus

S. epidermidis

47
Q

Are staphylococci gram positive or negative?

A

Positive

48
Q

What is an example of an S. aureus infection?

A

MRSA

49
Q

What does nosocomial mean?

A

Originating in hospital

50
Q

Where is MRSA usually acquired and who by?

A

Hospital

Elderly and immunocompromised

51
Q

Are clostridium gram positive or negative, and are they aerobic or anaerobic?

A

Positive

Anaerobic

52
Q

What do clostridium produce? (2)

A

Spores that can survive outside the body for months

Exotoxins that can use severe tissue damage

53
Q

What is an example of clostridium?

A

Clostridium difficile (C. difficile)

Principles - Microbiology (6 decks)

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