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Virology > Viral hepatitis > Flashcards

Viral hepatitis Flashcards

To learn about Viral hepatitis.

1
Q

The prefix Hepa– means what?

A

Liver

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2
Q

What is the Livers function in Humans?

A
  • Blood filter
  • Synthesis of coagulation proteins and immunity molecules (complements)
  • Digestion; bile secretion
  • Metabolism and storage of nutrients (Sugars, fats, and vitamins)
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3
Q

What does Hepatitis mean?

A

Hepa = liver
itis = inflammation

Hepatitis = liver inflammation

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4
Q

Hepatitis is usually divided into groups named?

A

A, B, C, D, E or G hepatitis virus abbreviated by H_V.

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5
Q

___ and ___ are responsible together of more than 90% of all viral hepatitis

A

HAV and HBV are responsible together of more than 90% of all viral hepatitis

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6
Q

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a _____ virus and is very resistant.

A

Picornavirus

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7
Q

True or False:

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is also called infectious hepatitis and may occur in the form of epidemics accounting for 40% of acute hepatitis cases.

A

True

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8
Q

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) has how many serotypes identified?

A

Only one human serotype has been identified

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9
Q

HAV causes an ____ (acute or chronic) liver disease, usually self-limiting and can be transmitted by the fecal-oral route and by saliva

A

HAV causes an acute liver disease, usually self-limiting and can be transmitted by the fecal-oral route and by saliva

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10
Q

Initial replication of Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is in the ____ and the ___, followed by ____ through the blood to reach the liver

A

Initial replication of Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is in the oropharynx and GI, followed by viremia through the blood to reach the liver

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11
Q

Main form of Immunity to Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is?

A

Humoral – destruction of hepatocytes by the immune system.

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12
Q

How long is Hepatitis A virus (HAV) present in the stool, urine and blood?

A

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is present in the stool for many weeks, mainly in the preclinical stage and in the blood during the short viremia phase. Never present in the urine

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13
Q

Does Hepatitis A virus (HAV) have any prodromes?

A

Prodroms: fever, fatigue, nausea, loss of appetite, abdominal pain.

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14
Q

Can Hepatitis A virus (HAV) cause Jaundice? If so how often?

A

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) causes Jaundice 10-20% in children, 60% in adults and extreme fatigue due to an elevated serum liver enzyme aminotransferase.

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15
Q

What is a very rare complication of Hepatitis A virus (HAV)?

A

Fulminant hepatitis (0.2% of cases)

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16
Q 
What are:
– Hygiene, treatment of drinking water 
– No anti-viral drug
– HAV-Ig
– Inactivated vaccine is available (travelers)?
A

Examples of treatment, prevention and control of Hepatitis A virus (HAV)?

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17
Q

True or False:

Serology of High level of IgM on week after infection followed by a high level of IgG (protective and persist for years) is a great way to test for Hepatitis A virus (HAV).

A

True

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18
Q

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) belong to what family of viruses?

A

Hepadnaviruses

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19
Q

What kind of virus is Hepatitis B virus (HBV)?

A

Enveloped circular (Class VII) ds DNA with an icosahedral capsid positive sense Replicates with a RNA intermediate

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20
Q

What is unusual about Hepatitis B virus (HBV) in regards to enveloped viruses?

A

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) virions are unusually resistant for an enveloped virus

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21
Q

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) can cause ____ (chronic or acute) hepatitis?

A

Both HBV can cause chronic or acute hepatitis

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22
Q

True or False:

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genome contains 5 sections that encode 5 main proteins types.

A

True

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23
Q

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genome section HBsAg encodes 3 surface proteins called?

A

HBsAg encodes 3 surface proteins L, S and M

24
Q

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genome section HBc encodes?

A

HBc encodes Core proteins

25
Q

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genome section Hbe encodes?

A

Hbe encodes E protein (early appearance in serum)

26
Q

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genome section Hbp encodes?

A

Section Hbp encodes the polymerases needed for replication.

27
Q

True or False:

One of the proteins encoded in the genome of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is call Z protein.

A

False

It is called X protein.

28
Q

True or False:

Hepatitis B virus (HBV)proteins can be present in large aggregates, as non-infectious sphere and form particles of 17-25 nm in diameter.

A

True

29
Q

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is often known as serum hepatitis, meaning HBV is found in all biological fluids of an infected individual. Who are few groups of people that are at a high risk?

A 
High risk populations
– Intravenous drug users
– Male homosexuals–Prostitutes
– Healthcare workers
– Partners of infected individuals
30
Q

Initial replication of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) takes places in the ____ nodes followed by viremia and infection of the ____.

A

Initial replication of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) takes places in the lymph nodes followed by viremia and infection of the liver.

31
Q

Once in the liver Once in the liver Hepatitis B virus (HBV) undergoes non lytic replication in the liver, slow spreading and cell destruction undergoes ____ replication in the liver, slow spreading and cell destruction

A

Once in the liver Hepatitis B virus (HBV) undergoes NON LYTIC replication in the liver, slow spreading and cell destruction

Not always the same as Lysogenic

32
Q

What immune cell can actually aid the spread of Hepatitis B virus (HBV)?

A

Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte (CTL) can kill the infected hepatocytes; also responsible for pathology

33
Q

The Hepatitis B virus (HBV) has a relatively long incubation period of?

A

45 days

34
Q

Once infected with Hepatitis B virus (HBV) what are the differences between Efficient immunity and Weak immunity?

A

Efficient immunity :
• Acute hepatitis (25% of all cases) or subclinical (65%), followed by total remission
• Jaundice, dark urine, lasts 1-2 months

Weak immunity:
• Chronic hepatitis (up to 10%), often subclinical
• With or without active viral replication

35
Q

True or False:

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) and Hepatitis B virus (HBV) have very similar prodromes and complications of Fulminant hepatitis?

A

True

36
Q

Additional complications of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) include which of the following except:
– Liver cirrhosis after chronic infection.
– Primary hepatocellular carcinoma
– Extra hepatic manifestations
– Dizziness

A

Dizziness is not a complication all the rest are.

37
Q

True or False:

All Contraception methods help prevent the spread of Hepatitis B virus (HBV).

A

False

Only Barrier methods that prevent fluid transfers. (i.e. Condoms)

38
Q

What kind of Vaccine does Hepatitis B virus (HBV) have and is it effective?

A

Recombinant HBsAg vaccine Efficacy of 95% (80%-100%) for about 20 years

39
Q

Once infected with chronic Hepatitis B virus (HBV) what can be administered to help treat it?

A

Interferon Alpha (IFN-α) or Administration of Hepatitis B virus Immunoglobulin (HBVIg)

40
Q

What kind of virus is Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and what is it’s structure?

A

Flavivirus and is an enveloped (Class IV) ss(+) RNA

41
Q

What is the long incubation period of Hepatitis C virus (HCV)?

A

Incubation: up to 3-4 months

42
Q

True or False:

Although Hepatitis C virus (HCV) has similar prodromes as HAV and HBV it has a low risk of being chronic.

A

False

During acute phase, clinical symptoms resemble those of hepatitis A or hepatitis B , but milder, but have higher risk of chronicity than hepatitis B 10%- 50% of cases

43
Q

Acute infection of Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is only in about __–__% of cases with the remaining __–__% of cases are chronic.

A

Acute HCV infection resolves in about 10-15% of individuals. The remaining 85-90% develop chronic infection with the virus.

44
Q

What percentage new Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infected people will exhibit symptoms of acute viral hepatitis?

A

About 25% of patients newly infected with HCV will exhibit signs and symptoms of acute viral hepatitis.

45
Q

Chronic Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is _____ _____ in the majority of patients

A

Chronic Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is clinically silent in the majority of patients

46
Q

What is meant when it is said that Chronic Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is clinically silent in the majority of patients?

A
  • Most infected individuals exhibit no symptoms, and have no or only modest biochemical indication of liver damage.
  • Many individuals are unaware of their infection until they develop symptoms associated with the complications of advanced liver disease
47
Q

Is there a vaccine for Hepatitis C virus (HCV)?

A

No vaccine is available, but Antivirals recently available. All patients with chronic hepatitis C are potential candidates for antiviral therapy

48
Q

What combination therapy has shown the most promise in Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infected individuals?

A

Combination therapy: Highest response rates have been achieved with interferon in combination with ribavirin (nucleoside inhibitor)

49
Q

Best prevention practices for Hepatitis C virus (HCV)?

A

Similar to Hepatitis B virus (HBV)

50
Q

What is meant by saying Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is a co-virus of Hepatitis B virus (HBV)?

A

Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is incomplete, can only replicate in the presence of hepatitis B virus

51
Q

What kind of virus is Hepatitis D virus (HDV)?

A

Agent d: circular ssRNA virus, incomplete,

52
Q

True of False:

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is Similar to Hepatitis A virus (HAV) in almost every way. except has no chronic chance.

A

True

53
Q

what is the morbidity rate of Hepatitis E virus (HEV)?

A

Low morbidity except in pregnant women (cirrhosis)

54
Q

Hepatitis G virus (HGV) is a newly discover virus and is a ____ like Hepatitis C virus (HCV)

A

Hepatitis G virus (HGV) is a newly discover virus and is a Flavivirus like Hepatitis C virus (HCV)

55
Q

What dieses does Hepatitis G virus (HGV) cause?

A

None known yet.

Virology (5 decks)

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