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Virology > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

Guide to the Viruses of the Respiratory tract.

1
Q 
– Nose
 – Pharynx
– Larynx
– Middle ear
– Sinuses
Are known as?
A

Upper Respiratory tract

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2
Q

The lower respiratory tract includes?

A

The Trachea, Bronchi, and Lungs

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3
Q

what suffix denotes an infection (except Pneumonia) of the respiratory tract?

A

organ or tissue name plus the suffix –itis

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4
Q

True or False:

Respiratory infections are rare but often serious when contracted.

A

False: Very frequent and usually benign (harmless) except in elderly and very young

More than 80% of respiratory tract infections are viral.

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5
Q

A very small RNA virus family is called ____

A

Picornavirus

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6
Q

What kind of Virus are picornaviruses?

A

Naked icosahedral capsid of ss(+) RNA (Class IV)

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7
Q

A common member of the picornaviruses infect the noses humans?

A

Rhinovirus

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8
Q

True of False:

Rhinovirus mode of entry and dissemination is characterized by the following.
• Replicate best at 23ºC (nose and throat)
• rarely stays only in the upper respiratory tract
• Viremia
• does not cause inflammation

A

False
• Replicate best at 33ºC (nose and throat)
• Strictly local replication in the upper respiratory tract
• No viremia
• Cause important inflammation

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9
Q

True or False:

Rhino virus is both; very contagious and responsible for >50% of rhinitis.

A

True

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10
Q

Clinical symptoms of Rhinovirus are? (Common cold)

A
  • Sneezing, runny nose, stuffed nose
  • Itching and slight throat pain
  • Occasional light fever
  • Infectivity: for 48 hours after start of symptoms (Peaks after 48 hours, lasts < 7 days)
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11
Q 
Best treatment for Rhinovirus include which of the following?
• Rest
• Symptomatic treatment and good hygiene
• Light antibiotics
• Vaccine
A
  • Rest

* Symptomatic treatment and good hygiene

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12
Q

What is the most common Respiratory virus belonging to Orthomyxoviruses family?

A

Influenza

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13
Q

What does Orthomyxovirus mean?

A

In Latin ortho = Correct or normal, and Myxa = Mucus

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14
Q

What are the three types of Influenza and how are they different?

A

Classified as A, B, and C based on antigenic differences in the nucleoprotein (NP) and matrix (M1) protein

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15
Q

What is the structure of Orthomyxoviruses?

A

Spherical or filamentous Enveloped (Class V) ss(-) segmented virus containing six to eight different nucleotide segments

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16
Q

What are the three envelope proteins in Influenza?

A

2 gylcoproteins: Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA)

1 membrane protein M2

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17
Q

What is the importance of Hemagglutinin (HA) in influenzas envelope structure?

A

Viral attachment.

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18
Q

What is the importance of Neuraminidase (NA) in influenzas envelope structure?

A

Fusion

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19
Q

What is the importance of M2 in influenzas envelope structure?

A

H+ ion channel activity

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20
Q

What is the matrix protein in influenzas called?

A

M1

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21
Q

What are the three polymerase proteins in influenza called?

A

PA, PB1, and PB2

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22
Q

True of False:

The Nucleocapsid protein (NP) in influenza is just called NP, while Non structural protein are simply called NS1 and NS2.

A

True

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23
Q

True or False:

All three types of Influenza only infect humans..

A

False: B only infects humans, while C infects swine as well. moreover type A additionally infects equine, avian, and marine mammals

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24
Q

Which type of Influenza is mostly responsible for severe infections?

A

B

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25
Q

What is meant by genetic drift in viruses?

A

Random Point mutations of Antigens (Ag)

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26
Q

Subtypes are based on differences in the envelope proteins H and N. How many of each is there and which ones are associated with human infection the most?

A

– H protein: 16 varieties
– N protein: 9 varieties
H1, H2 and H3, as well as N1 and N2

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27
Q

What is meant by genetic shift in viruses?

A

Genetic shuffling usually cause by two different types infecting the same cell and recombining randomly.

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28
Q

What is a Pandemic and what are the Prerequisites for one?

A

A Pandemic is a global viral threat and must have:
• A subtype to which the general population will have low immunity.
• The new virus must be able to replicate in humans and cause serious illness.
• The new virus must be efficiently transmitted from one human to another.

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29
Q

Influenza enters usually as and ____

A

Inhaled aerosol

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30
Q

Influenza (increases or decreases) mucus viscosity?

A

Decreases

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31
Q

Influenza increases risk of bacterial superinfection when?

A

It infects the lower respiratory tract and causes inflammation

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32
Q

Incubation of Influenza is usually __ to __ days.

A

1 – 4

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33
Q

True or False:

Influenza clinical signs usually manifest as Fever, chills, headaches, myalgia, malaise, anorexia and last 2 to 7 days in the absence of complications

A

True

34
Q

True or False:

11 days after fever subsides dry cough, pharyngeal pain, nasal obstruction and discharge are some lingering signs of Influenza

A

False:
3-4 days after fever subsides dry cough, pharyngeal pain, nasal obstruction and discharge are some lingering signs of Influenza

35
Q

What are two serious/fatal complications of Influenza?

A

Bronchiolitis and pneumonia could be caused directly or due to bacterial superinfection

36
Q

Tue or False

Influenza Diagnosis can be done by;
• Rapid tests: 30 min (A/B) ; detection of viral antigens (Sensitivity 40 –80 %)
• Serology: Complement fixation, hemagglutination inhibition
• Culture
• PCR

A

True

37
Q

Does Influenza have a reliable prevention and treatment?

A

Yes, is mostly controlled by Tamiflu treatment of serious cases, Vaccination of high risk individuals, Frequent hand washing, and Covering coughs and sneezes

38
Q

What kind of vaccine is the Influenza vaccine?

A

intra nasal live attenuated cold adapted.

39
Q

What is the meaning of a Paramyxovirus?

A

Latin para = alternative and myxa = mucus

40
Q

What is a Paramyxovirus?

A

A spherical enveloped (Class V) ss(-) RNA virus arranged in a Coiled helical nucleocapsid

41
Q

What are the two types of envelope glycoproteins on Paramyxoviruses?

A

Hemagglutinnin-Neuraminidase (HN) and Fusion protein (F)

42
Q

True or False:

Paramyxoviruses have 2 polymerase L (large protein) and P (phosphoprotein) as well as M matrix protein and Nucleocapsid protein (NP).

A

True

43
Q

Paramyxoviruses attach to cells using ____ via the HN glycoprotein.

A

Sialic acid receptors

44
Q

____ start with RNA-dependent RNA polymerase supplied by the virus and is carried out by the P and L proteins

A

Transcription

45
Q

Enveloped viruses are released by ____.

A

budding from host cell membranes.

46
Q

True or False:

One type of Paramyxovirus is called Parainfluenza

A

True

47
Q

what is meant by saying Parainfluenza is Ubiquitous?

A

100% primary infection before the age of 5 years

48
Q

Reinfections throughout life are less symptomatic because why?

A

Parainfluenza has weak immunity

49
Q

Parainfluenza has (Viremia or No Viremia) and and incubation of (1,2,4,or 6) days?

A

No viremia, 4

50
Q

one symptom of Parainfluenza is Laryngotracheobronchitis. What is that?

A

Strained breathing, wheezing, hoarse voice

51
Q

True or False:

Similar to Influenza, Parainfluenza is a respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and causes only fever

A

False:

UNLIKE to Influenza, Parainfluenza is a respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and resembles a bad cold.

52
Q

True or False:

Human metapneumovirus is a respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) first identified in the Netherlands.

A

True

53
Q

True or False:

Human metapneumovirus is similar to Parainfluenza and other RSV’s in almost every way.

A

True

54
Q

What is a meant by saying Coronavirus?

A

Latin corona referring to the spikes projecting from envelope

55
Q

What is a Coronavirus?

A

A spherical enveloped (Class IV) ss(+) virus studded with clubbed spikes arranged into a coiled helical nucleocapsid.

56
Q

What are the two worst illnesses associated with Coronaviruses?

A

SARS-CoV (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) and MERS-CoV (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome)

57
Q

True or False:

All Coronaviruses were benign until 2003, which was transmitted by a Rodentlike animal the Civet.

A

True

58
Q

The Spike (S) proteins in a Corona virus exist in a (monomer, Dimer, Trimer)?

A

Trimer

59
Q

The Dimer Protein HE (Hemagglutinin-Esterase) of a Coronavirus binds to ____ on the host cell.

A

Sialic acid

60
Q

True or False:

Respiratory coronaviruses account for only 5% of common colds.

A

False:

Respiratory coronaviruses cause ~1/3 of common colds.

61
Q

True and False:

Rhinovirus and Corona virus have the same symptoms but it is very easy to distinguish which virus is causing the cold.

A

False:

There is no reliable clinical method to distinguish coronavirus colds from colds caused by rhinoviruses or less common agents.

62
Q

What is the meaning of Adenovirus?

A

Adenos = glandes, named for site of first isolation

63
Q

out of the 100 serotypes how many infect humans?

A

49

64
Q

True or False:

Adenoviruses are oncogenic to humans.

A

False:

Are only oncogenic in animals

65
Q

What is an Adenovirus?

A

a (Class I) ds DNA virus with a Naked icosahedral capsid containing 252 subunits.

66
Q

What receptor do Adenoviruses seem to use?

A

The viral fiber proteins interact with glycoprotein member of the Immunoglobulin superfamily some adenovirus use MHC I molecule

67
Q

True or False:

The adenovirus can cause both lytic and lysogenic infections. The outcome of an infection depends on the animal species, cell type, and virus type involved

A

True

68
Q

The Adenovirus that has entered the lysogenic cycle is usually in which cell types?

A

The lymphoid tissues

69
Q

Transmission of an adenovirus is can be from which of the following:
• Droplets of respiratory or ocular secretions
• Close personal contact
• The air by coughing and sneezing
• Some adenoviruses can spread through an infected person’s stool
• The water (swimming pools)

A

All of them since Adenovirus resist drying, detergents, gastrointestinal tract secretions (acid, protease and bile) and chlorine

70
Q

Which serotypes infect the most people?

A

Types 2, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 6 are most frequently isolated, with types 1 and 2 constituting some 60 percent of all isolates.

71
Q

Adenovirus causes __% of cases of gastroenteritis that requires hospitalization

A

15

72
Q

Why are the symptoms of an Adenovirus so hard to determine?

A

The signs and symptoms of the diseases they cause vary depending upon the area of the body infected.

73
Q

Acute respiratory disease from an adenovirus include: fever, pharyngitis, and cervical adenitis from which serotypes?

A

4 and 7

74
Q

What is the most common outcome of an adenoviral infection?

A

Acute febrile pharyngitis and pharyngoconjunctival fever. Flu like symptoms (nasal congestion, cough, coryza,, malaise, fever, chills, myalgia and headache)

75
Q

A persons eye infected with adenovirus will likely exhibit?

A

Discharge, tearing, sore throat and itching eyes.

76
Q

Serotype 40 and 42 of adenovirus can cause gastroenteritis that results in?

A

Watery diarrhea, fever, vomiting, headache and abdominal cramps

77
Q

A complication that adenovirus can cause in young males is?

A

Acute hemorrhagic cystitis (bladder swelling) with dysuria (painful urination) and hematuria (blood urine)

78
Q

True or False:

Not very much about bocavirus is understood yet

A

True

79
Q

True of False:

Bocavirus infection are similar to those of a typical viral respiratory illness or atypical pneumonia.

A

True

80
Q

When it is said Bocavirus is a co-virus what is meant by that?

A

Human bocavirus is often found in the presence of another pathogen or other pathogens in respiratory specimens and stool samples.

81
Q

What is Bocavirus?

A

A small, single-molecule, linear (Class I)DNA, nonenveloped virus with a nucleocapsid.

Virology (5 decks)

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