Viral Haemorragic Fevers

Question 1

What is a viral hemorrhagic fever❓

Answer 1

• Group of illnesses caused by distinct families of viruses
• Severe multisystem syndrome
• Damage to overall vascular system
• Symptoms are accompanied by haemorrhage ie petechiae, echymosis

Question 2

VHF viruses are members of 4 distinct families.

List them

Answer 2

Arenaviruses
Filoviruses
Bunyaviruses
Flaviviruses

Question 3

The viruses of VHF have something in common.

Answer 3

RNA viruses enveloped in lipid coating

Question 4

List the viruses under the arenaviridae family

Answer 4

Lassa (Nigeria, Africa)

Junin (Argentina, South America)

Machupo (Bolivia, South America)

Sabia (South America)
Guanarito

Question 5

List the viruses under the bunyaviridae family

Answer 5

Hantavirus
Rift Valley fever
Crimean-Congo HF

Question 6

List the viruses under the filoviridae family

Answer 6

Ebola

Marburg

Question 7

List the viruses under the flaviviridae family

Answer 7

Yellow fever
Dengue
Omsk HF
Kyasanur Forest disease

Question 8

The arenaviridae was first isolated in❓

Answer 8

1933

Question 9

Lassa virus was first discovered in Nigeria in what year❓

Answer 9

1969

Question 10

What was the first virus to cause VHF

Answer 10

Junin virus in Argentina

Question 11

Arenaviridae transmission and amplification occurs in❓

How❓

Answer 11

Rodents

The virus is shed through urine or faeces 
⬇️
Human infection with contact of excreta 
OR 
Human to human transmission

Question 12

Case fatality of VHF of the arenaviridae family❓

Answer 12

5-35%

Question 13

What is the incubation period of arenaviridae in humans❓

Answer 13

10-14days

Question 14

It takes 3-5days to observe a fever/malaise caused by VHF of arenaviridae

True or false❓

Answer 14

False

2-4days

Question 15

What signs are typical of a VHF of the arenaviridae family❓

Answer 15

Hemorrhage
Leukopenia
Thrombocytopenia
Neurologic signs

Question 16

The Rift Valley Fever of the bunyaviridae family was 1st discovered in what year❓

In which location❓

What is it’s fatality rate❓

Answer 16

1930

Egypt, Africa
Arabian Peninsula

1% fatality rate

Question 17

The Crimean-Congo HF of the bunyaviridae family was 1st discovered in what year❓

In which location❓

What is it’s fatality rate❓

Answer 17

1940s

Crimean Peninsula, Eastern Europe
Africa
Asia

30% fatality rate

Question 18

The Hantavirus of the bunyaviridae family was 1st discovered in what year❓

In which location❓

What is it’s fatality rate❓

Answer 18

1951

Korea, Eastern Asia
Eastern Europe
North and South America

1-50% fatality rate

Question 19

All viruses of the bunyaviridae family that cause VHF are transmitted by❓

Be specific.

Answer 19

Arthopods, except Hantavirus

RVF- Aedes mosquito
CCHF- Ixodid Rick
Hantavirus-Rodents

Less common

• Aerosol
• Exposure to infected animal tissue

Question 20

What’s the incubation period of RVF❓

Answer 20

2-5days

Question 21

What’s the incubation period of CCHF❓

When does the hemorrhagic fever begin❓

Answer 21

3-7days

3-6 days following clinical signs

Question 22

What’s the incubation period of Hantavirus ❓

Answer 22

7-21 days

Question 23

Bunyaviridae viruses do not infect livestock except in❓

Answer 23

RVF

Question 24

The Marburg virus of the filoviridae family was 1st discovered in what year❓

In which location❓

What is it’s fatality rate❓

Answer 24

1967

Europe
Africa

23-33%

Question 25

The Ebolavirus of the filoviridae family was 1st discovered in what year❓ In which location❓ What is it’s fatality rate❓

Answer 25

1976 Sudan, Africa Zaire, Africa Côte d’Ivoire, Africa 50-90%

Question 26

The Ebola-Reston virus of the filoviridae family was 1st discovered in what year❓ In which location❓

Answer 26

1989, 1992 USA Italy Philippines

Question 27

The reservoir of the filoviridae family is unknown True or false

Answer 27

True Bats are implicated with Marburg and Ebola

Question 28

How are viruses of the filoviridae family transmitted❓

Answer 28

Reuse of needles and syringes Exposure to infections tissues, excretions and hospital wastes Aerosol transmission ie primates

Question 29

The most severe hemorrhagic fevers are of the ❓ family What’s the incubation period❓

Answer 29

Filoviridae 2-21days

Question 30

VHF caused by viruses of the filoviridae family will cause death in❓ What are the symptoms❓

Answer 30

7-11days ``` Fever Chills Malaise Myalgia Hemorrhage DIC ```

Question 31

Ebola Reston has a high primate mortality True or false

Answer 31

True

Question 32

The YellowFever virus of the flaviviridae family was 1st discovered in what year❓ In which location❓ What is it’s fatality rate❓

Answer 32

1648 Africa America Fatality varies

Question 33

The Dengue virus of the flaviviridae family was 1st discovered in what year❓ In which location❓ What is it’s fatality rate❓

Answer 33

1943 Asia Africa Australia America 1-10%

Question 34

The Omsk HF virus of the flaviviridae family was 1st discovered in what year❓ In which location❓ What is it’s fatality rate❓

Answer 34

1947 Europe 0.5-3%

Question 35

The Kyasanur Forest virus of the flaviviridae family was 1st discovered in what year❓ In which location❓ What is it’s fatality rate❓

Answer 35

1957 India 3-5%

Question 36

The transmission of flaviviridae viruses occurs through❓

Answer 36

Arthropod vectors Yellow fever and Dengue viruses -Aedes aegypti Kasanur Forest virus -Ixodid tick Omsk KF -Muskrat urine, faeces or blood

Question 37

Yellow fever has an incubation period of how many days❓ Dengue HF has an incubation period of how many days❓

Answer 37

3-6days 2-5days

Question 38

What are the general clinical symptoms of VHFs❓

Answer 38

``` Marked fever Fatigue Dizziness Muscles ache Exhaustion Bleeding under skin- petechiae, echymoses, conjunctivitis Bleeding in internal organs Bleeding from orifices ```

Question 39

In VHFs, blood loss is rarely the cause of death True or false

Answer 39

True

Question 40

How would you investigate a possible case of a VHF❓

Answer 40

``` Serology PCR IHC Viral isolation Electron microscopy ```

Question 41

How would you treat a possible case of a VHF❓

Answer 41

Ribavirin for arenaviridae and bunyaviridae (not approved by FDA) Strict isolation

Question 42

Vaccine is available for yellow fever True or false

Answer 42

True

Question 43

Anyone suspected of having a VHF must use a chemical toilet True or false

Answer 43

True

Question 44

How would you disinfect and dispose of instruments used on a patient with VHF❓

Answer 44

0. 5% solution of sodium hypochlorite | 1: 10 dilution of bleach

Question 45

Rift Valley is the least stable VHF in liquid or frozen state True or false

Answer 45

False. | The most stable