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Exotic Animal Medicine > Viral Diseases of Birds > Flashcards

Viral Diseases of Birds Flashcards

1
Q

What are risk factors for Viral diseases in birds?

A
  • Sub-optimal Husbandry
  • Overcrowding, ventilation, stress
  • Poor sanitation
  • Sup-optimal Nutrition
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2
Q

Which avian viral diseases have vaccines?

A
  • Polyoma v.
  • Pacheco’s v.
  • Pox v.
  • West Nile v.
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3
Q

Besides vaccination how can avian viral diseases be prevented?

A
  • Closed Aviary concept
    • Quarantine - Test - Cull
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4
Q

What is the general treatment for avian viral diseases?

A
  • Isolation
  • Fluid & Nutritional support
  • Antibiotics - prevent secondary bacterial infections
  • Antivirals ??
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5
Q

What is HPAI?

A
  • Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (in psittacines)
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6
Q

What are the bodily targets of Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease (PBFD)?

A
  • Feathers - no not emerge or are deformed
  • Immune system - immunodeficiency
  • Beak/Nails - soft, overgrown, and lose pigment
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7
Q

What type of virus is PBFD?

A

circovirus

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8
Q

What types of PBFD are there?

A
  • Peracute
  • Acute
  • Chronic
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9
Q

Who is commonly affected by peracute PBFD? symptoms?

A
  • Nestlings / Fledglings
  • Regurgitation
  • Severe leukopenia
  • Sepsis, pneumonia, enteritis, DEATH
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10
Q

Who is commonly affected by acute PBFD? symptoms?

A
  • Nestlings
  • Depression
  • Feather Dystrophy
    • Necrosis, hemorrhage
    • Premature shedding
    • Painful feathers
  • Non-regenerative anemia
  • Leukopenia < 1000wbc
  • Secondary Aspergillosis
  • Hepatic Necrosis
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11
Q

Who is commonly affected by chronic PBFD? symptoms?

A
  • 6 months and older
  • Non-specific signs
    • Beak and feather lesions
    • Immunosuppression
    • DEATH usually within 6-12 months
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12
Q

What beak pathology is seen in PBFD?

A
  • Common in cockatoos
  • Advanced disease
  • Elongation, overgrowth
  • Longitudinal cracks
  • Palatine necrosis
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13
Q

How is PBFD Transmitted?

A
  • Feces, Feather dander, Crop secretions
  • Asymptomatic shed for years
  • Virus stable in environment
  • Co-infections with Polyoma
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14
Q

How is PBFD Diagnosed?

A
  • Clinical signs
  • Viral PCR
  • Histopathology deformed feathers
  • Feather follicle biopsy
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15
Q

What is the treatment /control for PBFD?

A
  • Supportive care
  • Strict hygiene
  • Quarantine & testing
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16
Q

What is Psittacine Herpesvirus-1?

A
  • Affects New World Parrots
  • Acute - Pacheco’s disease
  • causes:
    • hepatitis
    • mucosal papillomatosis
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17
Q

How is Pacheco’s disease transmitted?

A
  • Shed in:
    • feces
    • respiratory secretions
    • ocular secretions
  • Transmitted
    • inhalation
    • ingestion
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18
Q

?

A
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19
Q

How can Pacheco’s Disease Virus be diagnosed?

A
  • Acute disease
  • Fecal viral isolation
  • Fecal electron microscopy
  • Serology - poor sensitivity
20
Q

What are the types of Avian Polyoma Virus?

A
  • APV-1
    • small psittacine spp affected
    • “Budgie fledgling disease”
  • APV-2
    • Large psittacine spp affected
    • hepatitis
21
Q

Which species are highly susceptible to APV?

A
  • Budgies
  • Conures
  • Lovebirds
  • Eclectus
  • Ring-necked parakeet
  • Macaws
22
Q

What species are infrequently/rarely affected by APV?

A
  • Infrequent
    • cockatiel
    • Lorikeets
    • Amazon parrots
  • Rare
    • Cockatoos
    • Quaker parrots
    • African Grey parrots
23
Q

What symptoms are seen in APV-1?

A
  • Feather dystrophy
    • “French molt” specific presentation in young budgerigars
  • Subcutaneous hemorrhage
24
Q

What are the signs of APV-2?

A

severe hemorrhagic hepatitis

25
Q

How is APV transmitted/

A
  • Direct:
    • feces, urine
    • Crop secretions
    • Feather dander, skin
  • Vertical - budgies
  • Many latent infections
  • stable in environment
26
Q

How is APV diagnosed?

A
  • PCR
  • Serology
    • Ab titer - indicates exposure
  • Necropsy
27
Q

How is APV prevented/controlled?

A
  • Vaccination @ >35do
    • booster in 2-3 wks
  • All in - all out nursery
  • Avoid mixing species
28
Q

What is Poxvirus?

A
  • Many species of poxvirus
  • Affecting 20 avian families
  • Variable hose specificity
  • Most common in canaries
  • Introduced through a break in skin
    • trauma
    • mosquito
29
Q

What are the types of Poxvirus syndromes?

A
  • Dry / cutaneous
  • Wet / mucosal
  • Septicemic
30
Q

What are the symptoms of Dry/Cutaneous Poxvirus

A
  • Featherless areas of face, body, and feet
  • Proliferative masses
  • Typically Regress after 4-6 wks
31
Q

What are the symptoms of Wet/Diphtheritic Poxvirus

A
  • Early - blepharitis, chemosis, conjunctivitis
  • Later - diptheritic lesions in oropharynx and trachea
32
Q

What are the symptoms of Septicemic/ systemic Poxvirus

A
  • Common in canaries and finches
  • Acute conjunctivitis
  • Dyspnea
  • 70% Mortality w/death in 2-3 days
    • Lung tumors in survivors
33
Q

How is Poxvirus diagnosed?

A
  • Cytology/histology
    • large eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions
34
Q

How is Poxvirus treated and controlled?

A
  • Supportive care
  • mosquito control
  • vaccines - specific
35
Q

What is West Nile Virus (WNV)

A
  • First seen in NYC in 1999
  • Documented in 76 native and captive bird species
  • Transmitted by a mosquito
  • Insect - bird - insect cycle
  • ZOONOTIC
36
Q

What are the clinical signs of WNV?

A
  • Asymptomatic
  • Non-specific
  • Neurologic signs
  • Sudden death
37
Q

How is WNV diagnosed?

A
  • PCR
  • Serology
    • ELISA (IgM)
  • Viral isolation
  • Brain IHC
38
Q

How is WNV treated/controlled?

A
  • supportive care only
  • Mosquito netting / screen
  • Vaccination
    • equine vaccine with limited efficacy
39
Q

What are the other names for Avian Borna Virus (ABV)?

A
  • “Macaw wasting disease”
  • Proventricular Dilation Disease (PDD
  • Neuropathic gastric dilation
  • Myenteric ganglioneuritis and encephalomyelitis
40
Q

What are the clinical presentations of ABV?

A
  • Non-specific
  • Gastrointestinal
  • Neurologic
  • GI-euro Combination
  • Species
41
Q

What GI signs are seen with ABV?

A
  • Emaciation
  • Crop impaction
  • Regurgitation
  • Maldigestion
  • Malabsorption
42
Q

What neurologic signs are common with ABV?

A
  • Ataxia
  • Seizures
43
Q

How is ABV diagnosed?

A
  • Clinical signs
  • Radiography +/- contrast
  • Endoscopy +/- GI biopsy
  • Histopathology
  • PCR - Blood/fecal/cloaca swab
  • serology
44
Q

What is the histopathology commonly found in ABV?

A
  • Non-suppurative encephalomyelitis
  • Lymphoplasmacytic infiltration of the ganglions of GI nerves
45
Q

What is the treatment for ABV?

A
  • Anti-inflammatory therapy
    • NSAIDS (meloxicam, others)
    • cyclosporine
  • Supportive care
    • fluids, feeding, vitamins
  • Avoid stress

Exotic Animal Medicine (28 decks)

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