Viral Diseases of Birds Flashcards
1
Q
What are risk factors for Viral diseases in birds?
A
- Sub-optimal Husbandry
- Overcrowding, ventilation, stress
- Poor sanitation
- Sup-optimal Nutrition
2
Q
Which avian viral diseases have vaccines?
A
- Polyoma v.
- Pacheco’s v.
- Pox v.
- West Nile v.
3
Q
Besides vaccination how can avian viral diseases be prevented?
A
- Closed Aviary concept
- Quarantine - Test - Cull
4
Q
What is the general treatment for avian viral diseases?
A
- Isolation
- Fluid & Nutritional support
- Antibiotics - prevent secondary bacterial infections
- Antivirals ??
5
Q
What is HPAI?
A
- Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (in psittacines)
6
Q
What are the bodily targets of Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease (PBFD)?
A
- Feathers - no not emerge or are deformed
- Immune system - immunodeficiency
- Beak/Nails - soft, overgrown, and lose pigment
7
Q
What type of virus is PBFD?
A
circovirus
8
Q
What types of PBFD are there?
A
- Peracute
- Acute
- Chronic
9
Q
Who is commonly affected by peracute PBFD? symptoms?
A
- Nestlings / Fledglings
- Regurgitation
- Severe leukopenia
- Sepsis, pneumonia, enteritis, DEATH
10
Q
Who is commonly affected by acute PBFD? symptoms?
A
- Nestlings
- Depression
- Feather Dystrophy
- Necrosis, hemorrhage
- Premature shedding
- Painful feathers
- Non-regenerative anemia
- Leukopenia < 1000wbc
- Secondary Aspergillosis
- Hepatic Necrosis
11
Q
Who is commonly affected by chronic PBFD? symptoms?
A
- 6 months and older
- Non-specific signs
- Beak and feather lesions
- Immunosuppression
- DEATH usually within 6-12 months
12
Q
What beak pathology is seen in PBFD?
A
- Common in cockatoos
- Advanced disease
- Elongation, overgrowth
- Longitudinal cracks
- Palatine necrosis
13
Q
How is PBFD Transmitted?
A
- Feces, Feather dander, Crop secretions
- Asymptomatic shed for years
- Virus stable in environment
- Co-infections with Polyoma
14
Q
How is PBFD Diagnosed?
A
- Clinical signs
- Viral PCR
- Histopathology deformed feathers
- Feather follicle biopsy
15
Q
What is the treatment /control for PBFD?
A
- Supportive care
- Strict hygiene
- Quarantine & testing
16
Q
What is Psittacine Herpesvirus-1?
A
- Affects New World Parrots
- Acute - Pacheco’s disease
- causes:
- hepatitis
- mucosal papillomatosis
17
Q
How is Pacheco’s disease transmitted?
A
- Shed in:
- feces
- respiratory secretions
- ocular secretions
- Transmitted
- inhalation
- ingestion
18
Q
?
A
19
Q
How can Pacheco’s Disease Virus be diagnosed?
A
- Acute disease
- Fecal viral isolation
- Fecal electron microscopy
- Serology - poor sensitivity
20
Q
What are the types of Avian Polyoma Virus?
A
- APV-1
- small psittacine spp affected
- “Budgie fledgling disease”
- APV-2
- Large psittacine spp affected
- hepatitis
21
Q
Which species are highly susceptible to APV?
A
- Budgies
- Conures
- Lovebirds
- Eclectus
- Ring-necked parakeet
- Macaws
22
Q
What species are infrequently/rarely affected by APV?
A
- Infrequent
- cockatiel
- Lorikeets
- Amazon parrots
- Rare
- Cockatoos
- Quaker parrots
- African Grey parrots
23
Q
What symptoms are seen in APV-1?
A
- Feather dystrophy
- “French molt” specific presentation in young budgerigars
- Subcutaneous hemorrhage
24
Q
What are the signs of APV-2?
A
severe hemorrhagic hepatitis
25
How is APV transmitted/
* Direct:
* feces, urine
* Crop secretions
* Feather dander, skin
* Vertical - budgies
* Many latent infections
* stable in environment
26
How is APV diagnosed?
* PCR
* Serology
* Ab titer - indicates exposure
* Necropsy
27
How is APV prevented/controlled?
* Vaccination @ \>35do
* booster in 2-3 wks
* All in - all out nursery
* Avoid mixing species
28
What is Poxvirus?
* Many species of poxvirus
* Affecting 20 avian families
* Variable hose specificity
* Most common in canaries
* Introduced through a break in skin
* trauma
* mosquito
29
What are the types of Poxvirus syndromes?
* Dry / cutaneous
* Wet / mucosal
* Septicemic
30
What are the symptoms of Dry/Cutaneous Poxvirus
* Featherless areas of face, body, and feet
* Proliferative masses
* Typically Regress after 4-6 wks
31
What are the symptoms of Wet/Diphtheritic Poxvirus
* Early - blepharitis, chemosis, conjunctivitis
* Later - diptheritic lesions in oropharynx and trachea
32
What are the symptoms of Septicemic/ systemic Poxvirus
* Common in canaries and finches
* Acute conjunctivitis
* Dyspnea
* 70% Mortality w/death in 2-3 days
* Lung tumors in survivors
33
How is Poxvirus diagnosed?
* Cytology/histology
* large eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions
34
How is Poxvirus treated and controlled?
* Supportive care
* mosquito control
* vaccines - specific
35
What is West Nile Virus (WNV)
* First seen in NYC in 1999
* Documented in 76 native and captive bird species
* Transmitted by a mosquito
* Insect - bird - insect cycle
* ZOONOTIC
36
What are the clinical signs of WNV?
* Asymptomatic
* Non-specific
* Neurologic signs
* Sudden death
37
How is WNV diagnosed?
* PCR
* Serology
* ELISA (IgM)
* Viral isolation
* Brain IHC
38
How is WNV treated/controlled?
* supportive care only
* Mosquito netting / screen
* Vaccination
* equine vaccine with limited efficacy
39
What are the other names for Avian Borna Virus (ABV)?
* “Macaw wasting disease”
* Proventricular Dilation Disease (PDD
* Neuropathic gastric dilation
* Myenteric ganglioneuritis and encephalomyelitis
40
What are the clinical presentations of ABV?
* Non-specific
* Gastrointestinal
* Neurologic
* GI-euro Combination
* Species
41
What GI signs are seen with ABV?
* Emaciation
* Crop impaction
* Regurgitation
* Maldigestion
* Malabsorption
42
What neurologic signs are common with ABV?
* Ataxia
* Seizures
43
How is ABV diagnosed?
* Clinical signs
* Radiography +/- contrast
* Endoscopy +/- GI biopsy
* Histopathology
* PCR - Blood/fecal/cloaca swab
* serology
44
What is the histopathology commonly found in ABV?
* Non-suppurative encephalomyelitis
* Lymphoplasmacytic infiltration of the ganglions of GI nerves
45
What is the treatment for ABV?
* Anti-inflammatory therapy
* NSAIDS (meloxicam, others)
* cyclosporine
* Supportive care
* fluids, feeding, vitamins
* Avoid stress
