Viral Diseases of Birds Flashcards
What are risk factors for Viral diseases in birds?
- Sub-optimal Husbandry
- Overcrowding, ventilation, stress
- Poor sanitation
- Sup-optimal Nutrition
Which avian viral diseases have vaccines?
- Polyoma v.
- Pacheco’s v.
- Pox v.
- West Nile v.
Besides vaccination how can avian viral diseases be prevented?
- Closed Aviary concept
- Quarantine - Test - Cull
What is the general treatment for avian viral diseases?
- Isolation
- Fluid & Nutritional support
- Antibiotics - prevent secondary bacterial infections
- Antivirals ??
What is HPAI?
- Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (in psittacines)
What are the bodily targets of Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease (PBFD)?
- Feathers - no not emerge or are deformed
- Immune system - immunodeficiency
- Beak/Nails - soft, overgrown, and lose pigment
What type of virus is PBFD?
circovirus
What types of PBFD are there?
- Peracute
- Acute
- Chronic
Who is commonly affected by peracute PBFD? symptoms?
- Nestlings / Fledglings
- Regurgitation
- Severe leukopenia
- Sepsis, pneumonia, enteritis, DEATH
Who is commonly affected by acute PBFD? symptoms?
- Nestlings
- Depression
- Feather Dystrophy
- Necrosis, hemorrhage
- Premature shedding
- Painful feathers
- Non-regenerative anemia
- Leukopenia < 1000wbc
- Secondary Aspergillosis
- Hepatic Necrosis
Who is commonly affected by chronic PBFD? symptoms?
- 6 months and older
- Non-specific signs
- Beak and feather lesions
- Immunosuppression
- DEATH usually within 6-12 months
What beak pathology is seen in PBFD?
- Common in cockatoos
- Advanced disease
- Elongation, overgrowth
- Longitudinal cracks
- Palatine necrosis
How is PBFD Transmitted?
- Feces, Feather dander, Crop secretions
- Asymptomatic shed for years
- Virus stable in environment
- Co-infections with Polyoma
How is PBFD Diagnosed?
- Clinical signs
- Viral PCR
- Histopathology deformed feathers
- Feather follicle biopsy
What is the treatment /control for PBFD?
- Supportive care
- Strict hygiene
- Quarantine & testing
What is Psittacine Herpesvirus-1?
- Affects New World Parrots
- Acute - Pacheco’s disease
- causes:
- hepatitis
- mucosal papillomatosis
How is Pacheco’s disease transmitted?
- Shed in:
- feces
- respiratory secretions
- ocular secretions
- Transmitted
- inhalation
- ingestion
?
How can Pacheco’s Disease Virus be diagnosed?
- Acute disease
- Fecal viral isolation
- Fecal electron microscopy
- Serology - poor sensitivity
What are the types of Avian Polyoma Virus?
- APV-1
- small psittacine spp affected
- “Budgie fledgling disease”
- APV-2
- Large psittacine spp affected
- hepatitis
Which species are highly susceptible to APV?
- Budgies
- Conures
- Lovebirds
- Eclectus
- Ring-necked parakeet
- Macaws
What species are infrequently/rarely affected by APV?
- Infrequent
- cockatiel
- Lorikeets
- Amazon parrots
- Rare
- Cockatoos
- Quaker parrots
- African Grey parrots
What symptoms are seen in APV-1?
- Feather dystrophy
- “French molt” specific presentation in young budgerigars
- Subcutaneous hemorrhage
What are the signs of APV-2?
severe hemorrhagic hepatitis
How is APV transmitted/
- Direct:
- feces, urine
- Crop secretions
- Feather dander, skin
- Vertical - budgies
- Many latent infections
- stable in environment
How is APV diagnosed?
- PCR
- Serology
- Ab titer - indicates exposure
- Necropsy
How is APV prevented/controlled?
- Vaccination @ >35do
- booster in 2-3 wks
- All in - all out nursery
- Avoid mixing species
What is Poxvirus?
- Many species of poxvirus
- Affecting 20 avian families
- Variable hose specificity
- Most common in canaries
- Introduced through a break in skin
- trauma
- mosquito
What are the types of Poxvirus syndromes?
- Dry / cutaneous
- Wet / mucosal
- Septicemic
What are the symptoms of Dry/Cutaneous Poxvirus
- Featherless areas of face, body, and feet
- Proliferative masses
- Typically Regress after 4-6 wks
What are the symptoms of Wet/Diphtheritic Poxvirus
- Early - blepharitis, chemosis, conjunctivitis
- Later - diptheritic lesions in oropharynx and trachea
What are the symptoms of Septicemic/ systemic Poxvirus
- Common in canaries and finches
- Acute conjunctivitis
- Dyspnea
- 70% Mortality w/death in 2-3 days
- Lung tumors in survivors
How is Poxvirus diagnosed?
- Cytology/histology
- large eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions
How is Poxvirus treated and controlled?
- Supportive care
- mosquito control
- vaccines - specific
What is West Nile Virus (WNV)
- First seen in NYC in 1999
- Documented in 76 native and captive bird species
- Transmitted by a mosquito
- Insect - bird - insect cycle
- ZOONOTIC
What are the clinical signs of WNV?
- Asymptomatic
- Non-specific
- Neurologic signs
- Sudden death
How is WNV diagnosed?
- PCR
- Serology
- ELISA (IgM)
- Viral isolation
- Brain IHC
How is WNV treated/controlled?
- supportive care only
- Mosquito netting / screen
- Vaccination
- equine vaccine with limited efficacy
What are the other names for Avian Borna Virus (ABV)?
- “Macaw wasting disease”
- Proventricular Dilation Disease (PDD
- Neuropathic gastric dilation
- Myenteric ganglioneuritis and encephalomyelitis
What are the clinical presentations of ABV?
- Non-specific
- Gastrointestinal
- Neurologic
- GI-euro Combination
- Species
What GI signs are seen with ABV?
- Emaciation
- Crop impaction
- Regurgitation
- Maldigestion
- Malabsorption
What neurologic signs are common with ABV?
- Ataxia
- Seizures
How is ABV diagnosed?
- Clinical signs
- Radiography +/- contrast
- Endoscopy +/- GI biopsy
- Histopathology
- PCR - Blood/fecal/cloaca swab
- serology
What is the histopathology commonly found in ABV?
- Non-suppurative encephalomyelitis
- Lymphoplasmacytic infiltration of the ganglions of GI nerves
What is the treatment for ABV?
- Anti-inflammatory therapy
- NSAIDS (meloxicam, others)
- cyclosporine
- Supportive care
- fluids, feeding, vitamins
- Avoid stress
