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Exotic Animal Medicine > Hedgehog Disease > Flashcards

Hedgehog Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What zoonotic disease can Hedgehogs spread

A
  • Salmonellosis
  • Dermatophytosis
  • Urticaria
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2
Q

How can one tell the sex of a hedgehog?

A
  • Males:
    • ventral prepuce
    • No scrotal sac
    • Para-anal recess testes
  • Females:
    • Uterus is bicornuate; no uterine body
    • Vulva close to rectum
    • 2-5 pairs of mammae
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3
Q

How can pregnancy be detected in female hedgehogs?

A
  • Weekly weight comparisons
    • suspect if female gains >50 g within 3 wks of having acess to a male
  • Nutritional demands increase up to 3x maintenance
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4
Q

What is Self-Anointing?

A
  • “Anting”
  • Elicited by unfamiliar person or object
  • Lick the new object repeatedly until frothy saliva in mouth
  • Rub saliva onto skin and spines
    • Purpose of this behavior is unknown
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5
Q

Where can blood samples be taken from Hedgehogs?

A
  • Lateral saphenous (below stifle)
  • Cephalic - delicate and collapses easily
  • Juglar vein - deep; difficult
  • Cranial Vena cava
  • Femoral vein
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6
Q

How can medications be given to hedgehogs

A
  • Oral therapy
    • use pleasant tasting meds
  • SC administration
    • may have altered absorption
  • IM (thigh)
  • IO (tibial crest) if critical using a 22 or 25g needle or 1 inch spinal needle
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7
Q

What is CT imaging most useful for in Hedgehogs?

A
  • Dental
  • Otic
  • Respiratory
  • Skeletal disorders
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8
Q

How should hedgehogs be anesthetized?

A
  • Recommended 1-2hr fasting
  • Isoflurane for induction and maintenance
    • After preoxygenation, use 4-5% isoflurane for induction,
    • 1-2% via facemask for maintenance
  • For heavy sedation: alfaxalone (3-5mg/kg) and midazolam (1mg/kg) SC can be used
    • Partially reverse w/ flumazenil (0.05mg/kg) SC
  • Can intubate with 1.0-2.0 mm ID endotracheal tube, Teflon IV catheter, or modified feeding tube
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9
Q

Should Hedgehogs be spayed/neutered?

A
  • Prophylactic OHE should be considered because of high incidence of uterine disease
  • OHE similar to other mammals, but large amounts of fat makes identification of structures difficult
  • Castration is performed through para-anal skin incision over each testicle
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10
Q

What is Acariasis?

A
  • Most common dermatopathy of hedgehogs
  • Cause:
    • Caparinia tripilis
    • Chorioptes spp - possibly
    • Notoedres - rarely
  • May be subclinical initially or from infested bedding or fomites from pet stores
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11
Q

What are the signs of Acariasis in Hedgehogs

A
  • Subclinical
  • Hyperkeratosis
  • seborrhea
  • spine loss
  • crusts at base of spines
  • pruritis
  • Lethargy
  • decreased appetite
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12
Q

How is Acariasis diagnosed in hedgehogs?

A
  • Skin scraping
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13
Q

How is Acariasis treated?

A
  • Selamectin (20-30mg/kg topically q21-28 days)
  • Ivermectin (0.3-0.4 mg/kg PO, SC q10-14 days for 3-5 treatments)
  • Amitraz, fibronil (frontline) or 10% imidacloprid and 1% moxidectin (advantage) have also been used
  • Clean the bedding (use newspapers while treating
  • Treat all animals concurrently
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14
Q

What is the treatment for Dental disease (calculus, gingivitis, periodontitis) in Hedgehogs

A
  • Hard kibble
  • antibiotics
  • dental prophylaxis
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15
Q

What oral neoplasm is common in Hedgehogs

A
  • Squamous cell carcinomas
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16
Q

What are the signs of Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Hedgehogs?

A
  • Dyspnea
  • Decreased activity
  • Decreased weight
  • Heart murmur
  • Ascites
  • Acute death
17
Q

How is Dilated Cardiomyopathy diagnosed in Hedgehogs?

A
  • Radiography
  • ECG
  • Echocardiogram
18
Q

Can DCM be treated in Hedgehogs?

A
  • Therapy may initially helpful
    • Diuretics
    • Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors
    • Pimobendan
  • Long-term prognosis poor
19
Q

What neurologic disease is common in Hedgehogs?

A
  • Ataxia may be caused by topor, trauma, toxins, infarcts, neoplasia, otitis interna, etc
  • Intervertebral disc disease (IVDD)
    • Progressive hind limb ataxia
    • Dx: radiography
  • Wobbly Hedgehog Syndrome (WHS)
    • demyelinating paralysis
20
Q

What is Wobbly Hedgehog Syndrome?

A
  • Neurodegenerative disease of brain and spinal cord
  • Prevalence in North America ~10%
  • Cluster patterns in defined family lineages are apparent
    • appears to be heritable
    • possibly influenced by dietary or environmental factos or infectious agents
    • No evidence of viral or autoimmune cause
  • Age range: 1-36 mo (average 18mo)
21
Q

What are the clinical signs of WHS?

A
  • Inability to close the hood
  • Incoordination
  • Falling to one side
  • tremors
  • exophthalmus
  • scoliosis
  • seizures
  • muscle atrophy
  • wasting
  • ascending paresis or tetraparesis
  • Rarely self-mutilation
  • In early stages - signs are often relapsing and re-occurring ⇢ then become more progressive and severe
  • ascending paralysis in 70% of cases
  • Progression is generally accompanied by severe weight loss w/o loss of appetite
    • dysphagic in terminal stages
  • In 60% of cases:
    • become immobilized within 9 months after onset of ataxia
  • In 90% of cases:
    • immobilized within 15 months
  • Death w/in 18-25 months after onset of signs
22
Q

What is the treatment for WHS?

A
  • Suppportive care: handfeeding
  • Euthanasia
23
Q

How is WHS diagnosed?

A
  • Histopathology:
    • spongioform (vacuoles) change in white matter of cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem, and spinal cord
    • Demyelination
    • Inflammation is not associated with WHS
24
Q

What neoplasias do Hedgehogs get?

A
  • High incidence in hedgehogs
    • various studies, 29-52% had tumors
  • One study 89% malignant
  • Reported in all body systems (especially in the integumentary, reproductive, hemolymphatic, and alimentary systems)
  • Commonly reported:
    • Mammary
    • lymphosarcoma
    • Oral SCC
25
Q

What are the common clinical signs of neoplasia in Hedgehogs?

A
  • Variable, depending on site
  • Presence of masses
  • Anorexia, weight loss
  • lethargy
  • diarrhea
  • dsypnea
  • Ascites
26
Q

How are neoplasias diagnosed in Hedgehogs

A
  • FNA
  • biopsy and hitopathology
  • Radiography
  • CBC
  • Chemistries
  • CT
  • MRI
  • abdominal ultrasound
  • necropsy
27
Q

How are neoplasias treated in hedgehogs?

A
  • surgical excision
  • supportive care
  • other
28
Q

What is the prognosis for Neoplasia in hedgehogs?

A
  • Depends on stage and type of neoplasm
  • Most are malignant
  • Oral SCC generally locally invasive
29
Q

What preventative medicine should Hedgehogs receive?

A
  • Annual or semi-annual exams
    • review diet/husbandry
    • check for tumors
  • Prone to periodontal disease
    • feed kibbe
    • tartar control treats
    • Dental scaling and polishing
  • CBC, Serum biochemistry may be useful
  • Weighing regularly
  • No indicated vaccines

Exotic Animal Medicine (28 decks)

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