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Exotic Animal Medicine > Non-infectious Diseases of Companion birds > Flashcards

Non-infectious Diseases of Companion birds Flashcards

1
Q

What are sources for Lead poisoning in birds?

A
  • Lead paint
  • Curtain & fishing weights
  • Solder
  • Antique or imported cages
  • Stained glass
  • Foil from champagne bottles
  • Lead batteries
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2
Q

What are sources for Zinc Toxicity in Birds?

A
  • Galvanized materials
    • washers, screws, nuts
    • Snap fasteners
    • Car keys
    • Pennies
  • New galvanized wire
    • remove powder & other particulates
    • Clean with mildly acidic solution (vinegar)
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3
Q

What are the clinical signs of heavy metal poisoning?

A
  • Neurologic
  • Gastrointestinal
  • Liver Damage
  • Anemia
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4
Q

How is lead poisoning diagnosed in birds?

A
  • History of ingestion
  • Radiographs
  • Blood lead levels
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5
Q

How is lead poisoning in birds treated?

A
  • Midazolam - control seizures
  • Supportive care
  • Chelation:
    • Calcium EDTA - IM BID 5-7 days x2
    • D-penicillamine PO SID/BID 21 days
      • NOT as effective as calcium EDTA
  • GI - lubricants & laxatives
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6
Q

What are non-infectious causes of liver disease in birds?

A
  • multiple etiologies
  • Acute
    • infectious - Chlamydia
    • Toxins
  • Chronic
    • Hepatic lipidosis
    • Hepatic fibrosis
    • Iron storage disease
    • Neoplasia
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7
Q

What are the clinical signs of hepatic disease in birds?

A
  • “sick bird” symptoms (non-specific)
  • Feather discoloration
  • Beak and nail overgrowth
  • +/- palpable hepatic enlargement
  • Biliverdinuria - (greenish discoloration of feces)
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8
Q

How is liver disease diagnosed in birds?

A
  • History
  • Clinical exam
  • Clinical Pathology
    • AST, CK, Bile acids
  • Radiographs - hepatic silhouette
  • Ultrasonography + liver aspiration
  • Endoscopy & liver biopsy
  • Chlamydophila testing
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9
Q

What are the causes of Coelomic distension

A
  • Effusion
    • X-ray generalized loss of detail
  • Hepatomegaly
    • X-ray enlarged hepatic sihouette
    • Causes: liver enlargement, neoplasia
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10
Q

What are causes of Renal disease?

A
  • Infection
  • neoplasia
  • toxins
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11
Q

What are the clinical signs of renal disease in birds?

A
  • Non-specific
  • +/- Polyuria
  • Coelomic distension
  • lameness
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12
Q

How is non-infectious renal disease of birds diagnosed?

A
  • Clin path - ⇑ uric acid
  • Radiology - renal enlargement?
  • Endoscopy & renal biopsy
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13
Q

How is non-infectious renal disease of birds treated?

A
  • Treat underlying cause
  • supportive care
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14
Q

What is Gout?

A
  • Uric acid builds up in blood and deposits crystals
    • articular
    • visceral
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15
Q

What is the etiology of gout in birds?

A
  • renal disease
  • excess dietary protein
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16
Q

What signs are seen with articular gout? how is it diagnosed?

A
  • Signs:
    • joint swelling
    • lameness, decreased movement
  • Diagnose:
    • Aspirate - cytology
      • white crystals with inflammatory cells
17
Q

How can either form of gout be diagnosed?

A
  • Plasma uric acid levels ⇑
  • Radiographs - +/- urate tophi or tissue mineralization
  • Endoscopy/CT - most useful for visceral gout
18
Q

What is the treatment for gout in birds?

A
  • Intesive supportive care
  • Dietary modification
  • Allopurinol
    • block the production of uric acid
19
Q

What is the prognosis for gout in birds?

A

Poor

20
Q

What non-infectious cardiovascular disease do birds suffer from?

A
  • Endocardial disease
  • Myocardial disease
  • Pericardial disease
  • cardiac arrhythmias
  • Congenital disease
  • Atherosclerosis - very common
    • Ca and cholesterol deposition
21
Q

What is the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in birds?

A
  • excess Ca and Lipids in diet
  • Ca and lipids deposes ⇢ stenosis
22
Q

What are the common neoplasias in birds?

A
  • Lipomas & xanthoma
    • cockatiels, budgies
  • Gonadal tumors
  • Renal adenomas
  • Adenocarcinomas
  • Cloacal papilloma
23
Q

How are avian neoplasia diagnosed?

A
  • Cytology
  • Histopathology
24
Q

What is the treatment for avian neoplasia?

A
  • Very few reports about pharmacology and radiation
  • Birds are very sensitive to the toxic effects of both
25
Q

What are some causes of feather destructive behavior?

A
  • Multiple factors
    • Rule out medical causes
  • suboptimal living environment
    • maladaptive behavior
    • lifestyle in wild vs captivity
  • Brain dysfunction
    • malfunctional behavior
  • Combination

Exotic Animal Medicine (28 decks)

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