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Path Infectious Diseases Test #1 > Viral Disease > Flashcards

Viral Disease Flashcards

1
Q

viruses damage host cells by

A

entering the cell and replicating at the host expense

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2
Q

Steps in virus infection and replication

A
  1. attachment to host cell
  2. host cell penetration
  3. viral uncoating
  4. viral replication
  5. re-assembly of virions
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3
Q

Attachment to host cell involves

A

viral tropisms

special enzymes or promotor elements in host cells

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4
Q

Examples of viral tropisms

A

HIV - CD4
EBV - complement CD21 receptor on macrophages
rabies - acetylcholine receptor
rhinoviruses - ICAM-1

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5
Q

types of viral infections

A

abortive; latent; persistent

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6
Q

Mechanisms of host cell death

A
  1. inhibition of host RNA, DNA, protein synthesis
  2. viral proteins damage host membrane integrity or promote cell fusion
  3. replicate and lyse host cells
  4. antiviral host responses with recognition of viral antigens on infected host cell
  5. secondary infections due to suppression of host immune response
  6. secondary loss of cells dependent on infected cells
  7. transformation by oncogenic virus resulting in neoplasia
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7
Q

Acute viral infections are generally controlled by

A 
cell-mediated (CD8) responses to virally infected cells;
restricted to viral antigen + MHC class I molecules
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8
Q

antibody serves two purposes

A
  1. to control blood borne dissemination (viremia)

2. control reinfection (protective immunity) - often by interfering with attachment or viral release

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9
Q

Vaccination can induce

A

either a humoral or cell-mediated response

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10
Q

antigenic shift

A

recombination of RNA segments with those of animal viruses to cause changes in hemagglutinin and neuraminidase (pandemics)

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11
Q

antigenic drift

A

mutations of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase that allow virus to escape host antibodies (epidemics)

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12
Q

isotype shift of antibody from IgM to IgG is indicative of

A

prior infection with or without current infection
IgM = recent infection
IgG = prior infection

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13
Q

antiviral functions of antibody

A

neutralization (prevent attachment/interfere with viral uncoating)
opsonization
complement-mediated cell and/or virion lysis

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14
Q

role of antibody in disease states

A
  1. immune complex reactions - arthralgias/glomerulonephritis

2. may enhance cell uptake and promote infection

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15
Q

epithelial necrosis and sloughing

A

influenza

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16
Q

inclusion bodies

A

CMV, adenovirus

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17
Q

syncytial cells

A

measles, herpes viruses, retroviruses

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18
Q

blisters

A

discohesion of epithelial cells as with herpes virus, varicella-zoster

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19
Q

dysplastic changes to neoplastic transformation

A

papillomavirus

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20
Q

CMV inclusions

A

distinct intranuclear and ill-defined cytoplasmic inclusions

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21
Q

Herpes, varicella inclusions

A

Cowdry type A intranuclear inclusion bodies

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22
Q

Rabies

A

Negri bodies; cytoplasmic inclusion bodies

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23
Q

Papillomavirus

A

koilocytes

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24
Q

Hepatitis

A

Councilman bodies (necrotic cells)

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25
Measles
Warthin-Finkeldey giant cells with intracytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusion bodies
26
Adenovirus
smudge cells and Cowdry type A intranuclear inclusion bodies
27
reactive lymphoid hyperplasia
EBV (B cells), measles (giant cells), mumps
28
infection spread by food/water
Hepatitis A
29
infection spread by aerosolized droplets
influenza, adenovirus, rhinovirus
30
infection spread by cells or body fluids
EBV, HIV, herpes etc
31
Respiratory viruses
1. adenovirus 2. rhinovirus 3. influenza 4. measles 5. RSV 6. coronavirus 7. CMV
32
GI viruses
1. poliovirus 2. coxsackie 3. echovirus 4. rotavirus 5. Hep A/B/C 6. Norwalk agent
33
Encephalitis/Hemorrhagic fever viruses
1. Rubella 2. Yellow Fever 3. Dengue 4. Hanta 5. Mumps
34
Vesicular viruses
HSV1 HSV2 Varicella-Zoster smallpox
35
Proliferative/Oncogenic viruses
1. EBV 2. Papillomavirus 3. HIV 4. HTLV
36
Neurotropic viruses
1. HSV 1 2. HSV 2 3. Varicella Zoster 4. Rabies
37
DNA viruses
1. Herpes (1-8) 2. Adenovirus 3. hepatitis B 4. Pox 5. papilloma/JC 6. parvovirus
38
RNA viruses
1. Enteroviruses (polio, coxsackie, echo, hep A) 2. Reo - rotavirus 3. coronavirus 4. Toga - rubella 5. Flavi - yellow fever, dengue, hep C 6. Orthomyxo - influenza 7. Paramyxo - measles, mumps, RSV 8. Hanta 9. Filo - ebola 10. Rhabdo - rabies
39
Retro viruses
HTLV | HIV
40
polio
enterovirus infects tissues in oropharynx secreted into saliva/swallowed multiplies in intetinal mucosa and lymph nodes 1% invades CNS to replicate in motor neurons of spinal cord/brain stem
41
Upper respiratory viral syndromes
adenovirus rhinovirus echovirus coronavirus
42
Lower respiratory viral syndromes (pneumonias)
influenza parainfluenza RSV
43
GI tract/liver viral syndromes
rotavirus norwalk agent hepatitis
44
rhinovirus
binds to ICAM-1 confined to URT, needs cooler environment hypersecretion due to bradykinins and inflammatory response over 100 serotypes
45
echovirus and coxsackie viruses
oral/fecal spread organisms disseminate in blood stream after proliferation in lymphoreticular tissues respiratory disorders primarily
46
coronavirus
second most common cause of common cold profuse nasal discharge little effect on lower respiratory tract
47
hemagglutinin binds
sialic acid-containing proteins and lipids on most cells and mediates entry into cell
48
neuraminidase plays a role in
releasing virus from host cells
49
Type A influenza major cause of
pandemic and epidemic flu infections
50
Type B and C infect
mostly children
51
pathology of influenzae
mucosal hyperemia with lymphomonocytic and plasmacytic infiltration of submucosa; hypersecretion
52
influenzae can also cause
interstitial myocarditis | associated with Reye's syndrome
53
most deaths with pneumonia are due to
secondary bacterial pneumonias
54
parainfluenza
effects mostly children; mostly localized to URT except in infants where more serious lower respiratory infections occur
55
RSV
most common cause of viral pneumonia in children
56
adenovirus
common cause of acute respiratory disease and pnemonia in military recruits COWDRY TYPE A INTRANUCLEAR INCLUSIONS epithelial necrosis with sloughing
57
other important forms of viral pneumonias
herpes viruses including chickenpox (varicella) CMV herpes simplex
58
rotavirus
usually acute/self-limited, infectious diarrhea | major cause of diarrhea in infants/older children and adults are resistant to infection
59
Norwalk agent
epidemic viral gastroenteritis | naked icosahedryl nucleocapsids which cannot grow in cultured cells
60
HSV type I
gingivostomatitis, cold sores
61
HSV type II
genital herpes
62
HSV type I is major infectious cause of
corneal blindness also cause of fatal sporadic encephalitis causes disseminated disease in immunosuppressed
63
pathology of HSV I and II
fever blisters and cold sores in skin and mucous membranes inclusion-bearing multinucleated syncytia (TZANCK PREP) blisters associated with edema and ballooning degeneration
64
Congenital infection (TORCH syndrome):
generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, necrotic foci throughout; corneal lesions, CNS damage (deafness, ataxia)
65
Epstein-Barr
benign, self-limited, lymphoproliferative disease fever, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, sore throat atypial lymphocytes on blood smear
66
EBV binds
to complement receptor on epithelial cells and B cells
67
When EBV infects B cells it causes
proliferation, lymphadenopathy, and polyclonal non-specific antibody synthesis
68
EBV immune response involves
heterophil anti-sheep red blood cell Abs used for diagnostic testing
69
latent EBV infection associated with
Burkitt's lymphoma and nasopharyngela carcinoma
70
Diagnosis dependent on
1. atyp8ical lymphocytes 2. positive heterophil reaction 3. specific antibodies for EBV antigens
71
HTLV associated with
T cell lymphomas
72
CMV characteristics
disseminated infection in imunosuppressed individuals and neonates characterized by large purple nuclear inclusions; focal necrosis with little inflammation
73
CMV infections in neonates from
intrauterine, perinatal and mother's milk | devastating disease in neonates
74
In infants, CMV manifests as
``` hemolytic anemia jaundice thrombocytopenia purpura hepatosplenomegaly deafness chorioretinitis brain damage/encephalitis ```
75
most common opportunistic viral disease in AIDS patients
CMV
76
CMV infection in AIDS most always accompanied by
Pneumocystic carinii
77
HPV
proliferative lesions including common warts, plantar warts and cervical dysplasia transmitted by direct contact initially infect basal cells
78
Rabies
negri bodies, secreted in saliva
79
yellow fever and dengue
mosquito-borne (aedes aegyptii)
80
Ebola
filamentous mammalian viruses; neg. sense ssRNA
81
Manifestations of ebola
multihemorrhagic manifestations with DIC, shock hepatic involvement visceral organ necrosis organ damage not sufficient to kills
82
Ebola death from
hemorrhage, shock, fluid loss
83
hanta virus
acute hemorrhagic pulmonary syndrome | fever, acute respiratory distress, hemorrhages, DIC
84
West Nile Virus
birds serve as major reservoir transmitted by mosquitoes to birds and mammals headahce, myalgia meningitis/encephalitis/meningoencephalitis

Path Infectious Diseases Test #1 (10 decks)

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