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Path Infectious Diseases Test #1 > Enteropathic Bacteria/Clostridia > Flashcards

Enteropathic Bacteria/Clostridia Flashcards

1
Q

Enteropathic Bacteria

A 
E. Coli
Cholera
Shigella
Salmonella
Campylobacter
Yersinia
Toxins - Staph aureus, Botulism
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2
Q

Enteropathic viruses

A

Enteroviruses
Norwalk virus
Polio virus

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3
Q

Enteropathic parasites

A

Giardia
Amoebae
Ascaris
Cryptosporiosis

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4
Q

Which enterpathic bacteria causes disease by ingestion of enterotoxins

A

Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium botulinum

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5
Q

Characteristics of disease by ingestion of enterotoxins

A

very short incubation times, self-limited explosive diarrhea (except botulism which is a neurotoxin)

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6
Q

Secretory enterotoxin causes

A

secretory diarrhea and dehydration

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7
Q

Cytotoxic enterotoxin causes

A

dysentery (bloody diarrhea)

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8
Q

Describe direct invasion of the gut wall by enteroinvasive organisms

A

organisms proliferate, invade and destroy mucosal cells
results in dysentery
incubation time extended days-weeks

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9
Q

Levels of tissue involvement that cause diarrhea

A

toxin only ( no bacteria)
Superficial colonization + toxin
Superficial colonization + inflammation

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10
Q

Levels of tissue involvement that cause dysentery

A

mucosal invasion
mucosal necrosis
submucosal invasion
systemic spread

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11
Q

Important virulence factors of enteropathic organisms

A

adherence to mucosal cells
production of enterotoxins
capacity to invade

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12
Q

Adherence to mucosal cells

A

pili, flagella

mediated by plasmid-encoded adhesins

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13
Q

prototype secretagogue toxin

A

Vibrio cholerae

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14
Q

Traveler’s diarrhea

A

E. coli

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15
Q

cytotoxins - results in epithelial cell necrosis

A

Shiga toxin - Shigella, E. coli O157H7

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16
Q

T cell superantigens

A

Staphylococcal enterotoxins

secretion of cytokines from activated T cells that cause intestinal motility and fluid secretion

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17
Q

capacity to invade

A

microbe-stimulated endocytosis
intracellular proliferation, cell lysis and cell-to cell spread
invasion and cytolysis result in bloody diarrhea or dysentery

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18
Q

Predisposing factors to enteropathogens

A

fecal contamination, age, other ivnasive disease, immunosuppression, antispasmodic drugs, antacids

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19
Q

Cholera causes

A

secretory diarrhea

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20
Q

Shigella causes

A

dysentery

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21
Q

Typhoid fever causes

A

systemic illness

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22
Q

Characteristics of E. coli

A

coliform - ferment lactose
non-spore forming facultative anaerobe
commensals vs. pathogens

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23
Q

characteristics of disease caused by E. coli

A

watery diarrhea, cramping pain, fever, malaise; invasive or cytolytic disease - dysentery; verotoxin - hemolytic uremic syndrome

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24
Q

ETEC

A

watery “traveler’s” diarrhea from consumption of food contaminated with enterotoxin-producing strain

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25
Q

EHEC

A

severe blood colitis from consumption of hamburger, dairy products, contaminated with invasive, shiga/vero-toxin-producing strain (mainly O157:H7)

26
Q

EPEC/EIEC

A

enteropathogenic/enteroinvasive

27
Q

Enteroaggregative (EAEC)

A

primarily pediatric diarrhea in impoverished nations

28
Q

What differentiates EHEC from other E. coli

A

does not ferment sorbitol or grow at 45 C

29
Q

source of EHEC O157:H7

A

cattle and beef products including hamburger and unpasteurized milk
other agricultural products contaminated by manure
outbreaks - hamburger, spinach, sprouts

30
Q

O157H7 EHEC MOA

A

shiga-like toxin (verotoxin)

mucosal invasion

31
Q

O157H7 EHEC disease presentation

A

dysentery

hemolytic uremic syndrome

32
Q

hemolytic uremic syndrome

A

hemolysis and acute renal failure - obstruction of glomeruli by microthromi

33
Q

Describe the salmonella organisms

A

flagellated, gram neg. non coliforms, H2S produciton

34
Q

Name the salmonellas

A 
S. typhi
S. enteritidis
S. typhimurium
S. paratyphi
S. cholerae-suis
35
Q

Three characteristic forms of salmonella disease

A
  1. typhoid (typhoid mary)
  2. enteric fever
  3. salmonella food poisoning
36
Q

only host of typhoid fever

A

humans

37
Q

transmission of typhoid fever

A

fecal-oral transmission of infected water and food

disease of developing countries, poor sanitation, disasters

38
Q

pathogenesis of typhoid fever relies on

A

invasion, bacteremia, and distant tissue colonization

39
Q

Pathology of typhoid fever

A 
rose spots
hepatosplenomegaly
invasive mucosal lesions
oval plaques which later ulcerate
typhoid nodules in liver
40
Q

Symptoms of typhoid fever

A

fever, chills, bacteremia in the first week
widespread mononuclear phagocytic involvement with rash (second week)
neutrophenia in peripheral blood

41
Q

typhoid fever and the gallbladder

A

gallbladder infection associated with carrier state
organism can survive bile salts which allows for colonization of the gallbladder with shedding of the bacteria in the feces

42
Q

enteric fever

A

S. typhinurium, S. paratyphi, S. cholerae-suis
fever, bacteremia, local lesions
assocaited with sickle cell disease, schistosomiasis

43
Q

Transmission of salmonella

A

shed in urine/feces, vomitus/oral secretions by infected humans, convalescents, chronic carriers
undercooked food
REPTILES

44
Q

Pathologic mechanisms of salmonella

A

invasive disease - invade mucosal cells and cause mucosal ulceration
do not produce enterotoxins
multiply within neutrophils and macrophages

45
Q

Shigella organism

A

gram neg, nonmotile, non coliform bacteria

46
Q

pathogenesis of shigella

A

organism escapes phagolysosome and destroys the host cell
invasive lesions of colonic mucosa that spread to lymph nodes
exotoxin (shigatoxin) causes mucosal necrosis

47
Q

Cholera organism

A

comma-shaped, gram neg.; alkali tolerant (salt water)

48
Q

pathogenesis of Cholera

A

no invasive lesions, pathogenicity entirely due to enterotoxin; induces secretion of isotonic fluid

49
Q

Cholera toxin

A

subunit A binds with ADP-ribosylation factors to activate GTP-activated adenylate cyclase resulting in cAMP formation; stimulates secretion of chloride and bicarbonate

50
Q

Campylobacter organism

A

comma-shaped, gram neg.; flagellated

51
Q

disease manifestations of campylobacter

A

most common cause of gastritis, diarrhea, and dysentery in US
Guillain Barre

52
Q

transmission of campylobacter

A

ingestion of undercooked chicken or contaminated liquid of solid food, usually from animals

53
Q

pathogenesis of campylobacter

A

foul-smelling stools with blood or exudate

enteric fever with toxin/invasive lesions

54
Q

Yersinia Enteritis

A 
mostly pediatric population
upper/lower GI
ulcerative intestinal lesions like typhoid fever
microabscess and granuloma formation
deeply invasive and may be lethal
55
Q

Clostridia organism

A

gram-positive sporulating anaerobes; highly stable in environment, produce large amounts of fermentation products and degradative enzymes

56
Q

method of transmission of clostridia

A

contamination of wounds by spores, particularly those with low oxygen tension such as necrotic tissues or puncture wounds

57
Q

Tetanus

A

neurotoxin tetanospasmin
severe convulsive contractions
loss of sympathetic inhibition

58
Q

Gangrene (C. perfringens)

A

extracellular necrotizing enzymes, myonecrosis
invasion of traumatic or surgical wounds
gas gangrene

59
Q

C. perfringens enteritis

A

food poisoning - spores

abdominal cramps and watery diarrhea, incubation period 6-24 hours

60
Q

Pseudomembranous colitis (C. diff)

A

severe colitis with pseudomembrane formation

enterotoxin (toxin A) and cytotoxin (toxin B)

61
Q

Botulism

A

preformed neurotoxin - cleaves synaptobrevin
blocks release of acetylcholine, descending forms of paralysis
honey

62
Q

Pathologic mechanisms of clostridia

A
  1. local proliferation of sporulating organisms with DISTANT DISSEMINATION OF TOXIN
  2. specific exotoxins cause specific disease w/o infection
  3. spores long0lasting/difficult to kill; growth favored in necrotic tissue, anaerobic, or no competing organisms
  4. growth accompanied by necrosis/damaging bacterial enzymes

Path Infectious Diseases Test #1 (10 decks)

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