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Path Infectious Diseases Test #1 > Enteropathic Bacteria/Clostridia > Flashcards

Enteropathic Bacteria/Clostridia Flashcards

1
Q

Enteropathic Bacteria

A 
E. Coli
Cholera
Shigella
Salmonella
Campylobacter
Yersinia
Toxins - Staph aureus, Botulism
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2
Q

Enteropathic viruses

A

Enteroviruses
Norwalk virus
Polio virus

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3
Q

Enteropathic parasites

A

Giardia
Amoebae
Ascaris
Cryptosporiosis

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4
Q

Which enterpathic bacteria causes disease by ingestion of enterotoxins

A

Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium botulinum

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5
Q

Characteristics of disease by ingestion of enterotoxins

A

very short incubation times, self-limited explosive diarrhea (except botulism which is a neurotoxin)

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6
Q

Secretory enterotoxin causes

A

secretory diarrhea and dehydration

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7
Q

Cytotoxic enterotoxin causes

A

dysentery (bloody diarrhea)

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8
Q

Describe direct invasion of the gut wall by enteroinvasive organisms

A

organisms proliferate, invade and destroy mucosal cells
results in dysentery
incubation time extended days-weeks

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9
Q

Levels of tissue involvement that cause diarrhea

A

toxin only ( no bacteria)
Superficial colonization + toxin
Superficial colonization + inflammation

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10
Q

Levels of tissue involvement that cause dysentery

A

mucosal invasion
mucosal necrosis
submucosal invasion
systemic spread

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11
Q

Important virulence factors of enteropathic organisms

A

adherence to mucosal cells
production of enterotoxins
capacity to invade

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12
Q

Adherence to mucosal cells

A

pili, flagella

mediated by plasmid-encoded adhesins

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13
Q

prototype secretagogue toxin

A

Vibrio cholerae

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14
Q

Traveler’s diarrhea

A

E. coli

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15
Q

cytotoxins - results in epithelial cell necrosis

A

Shiga toxin - Shigella, E. coli O157H7

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16
Q

T cell superantigens

A

Staphylococcal enterotoxins

secretion of cytokines from activated T cells that cause intestinal motility and fluid secretion

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17
Q

capacity to invade

A

microbe-stimulated endocytosis
intracellular proliferation, cell lysis and cell-to cell spread
invasion and cytolysis result in bloody diarrhea or dysentery

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18
Q

Predisposing factors to enteropathogens

A

fecal contamination, age, other ivnasive disease, immunosuppression, antispasmodic drugs, antacids

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19
Q

Cholera causes

A

secretory diarrhea

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20
Q

Shigella causes

A

dysentery

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21
Q

Typhoid fever causes

A

systemic illness

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22
Q

Characteristics of E. coli

A

coliform - ferment lactose
non-spore forming facultative anaerobe
commensals vs. pathogens

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23
Q

characteristics of disease caused by E. coli

A

watery diarrhea, cramping pain, fever, malaise; invasive or cytolytic disease - dysentery; verotoxin - hemolytic uremic syndrome

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24
Q

ETEC

A

watery “traveler’s” diarrhea from consumption of food contaminated with enterotoxin-producing strain

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25
EHEC
severe blood colitis from consumption of hamburger, dairy products, contaminated with invasive, shiga/vero-toxin-producing strain (mainly O157:H7)
26
EPEC/EIEC
enteropathogenic/enteroinvasive
27
Enteroaggregative (EAEC)
primarily pediatric diarrhea in impoverished nations
28
What differentiates EHEC from other E. coli
does not ferment sorbitol or grow at 45 C
29
source of EHEC O157:H7
cattle and beef products including hamburger and unpasteurized milk other agricultural products contaminated by manure outbreaks - hamburger, spinach, sprouts
30
O157H7 EHEC MOA
shiga-like toxin (verotoxin) | mucosal invasion
31
O157H7 EHEC disease presentation
dysentery | hemolytic uremic syndrome
32
hemolytic uremic syndrome
hemolysis and acute renal failure - obstruction of glomeruli by microthromi
33
Describe the salmonella organisms
flagellated, gram neg. non coliforms, H2S produciton
34
Name the salmonellas
``` S. typhi S. enteritidis S. typhimurium S. paratyphi S. cholerae-suis ```
35
Three characteristic forms of salmonella disease
1. typhoid (typhoid mary) 2. enteric fever 3. salmonella food poisoning
36
only host of typhoid fever
humans
37
transmission of typhoid fever
fecal-oral transmission of infected water and food | disease of developing countries, poor sanitation, disasters
38
pathogenesis of typhoid fever relies on
invasion, bacteremia, and distant tissue colonization
39
Pathology of typhoid fever
``` rose spots hepatosplenomegaly invasive mucosal lesions oval plaques which later ulcerate typhoid nodules in liver ```
40
Symptoms of typhoid fever
fever, chills, bacteremia in the first week widespread mononuclear phagocytic involvement with rash (second week) neutrophenia in peripheral blood
41
typhoid fever and the gallbladder
gallbladder infection associated with carrier state organism can survive bile salts which allows for colonization of the gallbladder with shedding of the bacteria in the feces
42
enteric fever
S. typhinurium, S. paratyphi, S. cholerae-suis fever, bacteremia, local lesions assocaited with sickle cell disease, schistosomiasis
43
Transmission of salmonella
shed in urine/feces, vomitus/oral secretions by infected humans, convalescents, chronic carriers undercooked food REPTILES
44
Pathologic mechanisms of salmonella
invasive disease - invade mucosal cells and cause mucosal ulceration do not produce enterotoxins multiply within neutrophils and macrophages
45
Shigella organism
gram neg, nonmotile, non coliform bacteria
46
pathogenesis of shigella
organism escapes phagolysosome and destroys the host cell invasive lesions of colonic mucosa that spread to lymph nodes exotoxin (shigatoxin) causes mucosal necrosis
47
Cholera organism
comma-shaped, gram neg.; alkali tolerant (salt water)
48
pathogenesis of Cholera
no invasive lesions, pathogenicity entirely due to enterotoxin; induces secretion of isotonic fluid
49
Cholera toxin
subunit A binds with ADP-ribosylation factors to activate GTP-activated adenylate cyclase resulting in cAMP formation; stimulates secretion of chloride and bicarbonate
50
Campylobacter organism
comma-shaped, gram neg.; flagellated
51
disease manifestations of campylobacter
most common cause of gastritis, diarrhea, and dysentery in US Guillain Barre
52
transmission of campylobacter
ingestion of undercooked chicken or contaminated liquid of solid food, usually from animals
53
pathogenesis of campylobacter
foul-smelling stools with blood or exudate | enteric fever with toxin/invasive lesions
54
Yersinia Enteritis
``` mostly pediatric population upper/lower GI ulcerative intestinal lesions like typhoid fever microabscess and granuloma formation deeply invasive and may be lethal ```
55
Clostridia organism
gram-positive sporulating anaerobes; highly stable in environment, produce large amounts of fermentation products and degradative enzymes
56
method of transmission of clostridia
contamination of wounds by spores, particularly those with low oxygen tension such as necrotic tissues or puncture wounds
57
Tetanus
neurotoxin tetanospasmin severe convulsive contractions loss of sympathetic inhibition
58
Gangrene (C. perfringens)
extracellular necrotizing enzymes, myonecrosis invasion of traumatic or surgical wounds gas gangrene
59
C. perfringens enteritis
food poisoning - spores | abdominal cramps and watery diarrhea, incubation period 6-24 hours
60
Pseudomembranous colitis (C. diff)
severe colitis with pseudomembrane formation | enterotoxin (toxin A) and cytotoxin (toxin B)
61
Botulism
preformed neurotoxin - cleaves synaptobrevin blocks release of acetylcholine, descending forms of paralysis honey
62
Pathologic mechanisms of clostridia
1. local proliferation of sporulating organisms with DISTANT DISSEMINATION OF TOXIN 2. specific exotoxins cause specific disease w/o infection 3. spores long0lasting/difficult to kill; growth favored in necrotic tissue, anaerobic, or no competing organisms 4. growth accompanied by necrosis/damaging bacterial enzymes

Path Infectious Diseases Test #1 (10 decks)

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