General Principles

Question 1

endogenous flora

Answer 1

normal flora

Question 2

Organisms commonly found in the mouth, nose and oropharynx:

Answer 2

Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Peptostreptococci sp.
alpha and non-hemolytic streptococci
anaerobic streptococci, bacteroides
Candida albicans

Question 3

otitis media

Answer 3

obstruction of eustachian tube

Question 4

sinusitis

Answer 4

obstruction of sinus openings

Question 5

pneumonia

Answer 5

obstruction of small airways, especially after influenza

Question 6

Organisms not commonly found in the mouth, nose and oropharynx; indicative of disease or carrier state

Answer 6

beta-hemolytic streptococci (S. pyogenes)
Hemophilus influenza (type B)
Neisseria meningitidis

Question 7

Obligate intracellulars

Answer 7

viruses, chlamydiae, rickettsiae

Question 8

routes of transmission

Answer 8

direct spread
contaminated water, food or soil
vertical (prenatally or perinatally)
zoonotic

Question 9

High virulence

Answer 9

capable of causing disease in a normal host

Question 10

Low virulence

Answer 10

capable of causing disease only in hosts with low resistance or impaired defenses

Question 11

Bacteria that use exotoxins

Answer 11

diphtheria
pseudomonas
streptococcus
vibrio cholera
clostridia (botulism, tetanus)
staphylococcus (TSS)

Question 12

Bacteria that use endotoxins (cell walls) - associated with DIC, septic shock

Answer 12

E. coli

Neisseria (meningococci, gonococci)

Question 13

Things that use capsules

Answer 13

many pyogenic bacteria

H. influenza, pneumococci, Neisseria

Question 14

Phagocytosis and opsonization are important in the defense against organisms with?

Answer 14

capsules

Question 15

Nonspecific immune response

Answer 15

phagocytosis

Question 16

antibody-mediated immune responses

Answer 16

antibody enhances phagocytosis and NK cell activity
complement, opsonization
IgM, IgG, and IgA

Question 17

Cellular immune responses

Answer 17

for intracellular organisms (viruses, rickettsia, etc.)

for persistent organisms which cannot be phagocytized (TB, fungi, parasites)

Question 18

Patterns of Tissue Destruction/Pathology

Answer 18

1. Suppurative inflammation
2. Mononuclear and Granulomatous inflammation
3. Cytopathic-Cytoproliferative inflammation
4. Necrotizing inflammation
5. Chronic inflammation and scarring

Question 19

Suppurative inflammation

Answer 19

exuberant neutrophilic response, possible abscesses

Question 20

Pseudomembranes form when?

Answer 20

fibrinopurulent exudates are in the presence of epithelial necrosis

Question 21

Mononuclear inflammation

Answer 21

predominately mononuclear infiltrate: lymphocytes and monocytes

Question 22

Granulomatous inflammation

Answer 22

specialized cell-mediated (hypersensitivity type IV) reaction to chronic intracellular infection
ex. mycobacterium tuberculosis

Question 23

Morphology of granulomas

Answer 23

consists of a collection of epithelioid macrophages surrounded by a mantle of lymphocytes

Question 24

caseous necrosis

Answer 24

granuloma with a necrotic center

Question 25

examples of non-caseating granulomatous inflammation

Answer 25

Histoplasmosis, Blastomycosis

Question 26

Cytopathic-Cytoproliferative Inflammation

Answer 26

primarily viruses | ex. herpes and papilloma viruses

Question 27

Necrotizing inflammation

Answer 27

organisms have virulence factors that directly destroy cells | few inflammatory cells seen in response to necrosis

Question 28

Chronic inflammation and scarring

Answer 28

chronic damage replaced by scar tissue | may be associated with cancer formation

Question 29

If you have an inability to produce immunoglobulin you are susceptible to?

Answer 29

encapsulated organisms

Question 30

If you have a lack of cellular immunity you are susceptible to?

Answer 30

intracellular organisms such as viruses and rickettsia

Question 31

If you have a lack of neutrophil function you are susceptible to?

Answer 31

Staph and Strep

Question 32

If you have a lack of phagocytic clearing mechanisms (no spleen) you are susceptible to?

Answer 32

encapsulated organisms

Question 33

Nosocomial infections results from failure to?

Answer 33

limit the exposure to virulent organisms | not allow virulent organisms to go where they don't belong

Question 34

What types of patients may not show typical signs and symptoms of pathogenic organisms?

Answer 34

patients who have an altered immune response or vascular insufficiency