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Reproduction > Viral and Bacterial Infections > Flashcards

Viral and Bacterial Infections Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of horizontal transmission?

A

Venereal - virus present in semen or in lesions of the genital tract
Haematogenous or ascending - spread to genital tract from other sites, particularly upper respiratory tract

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2
Q

What ways can vertical transmission occur?

A

Placental - haematogenous
Genital tract - ascending, spreads to foetus through cervix or infection during birth
Milk

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3
Q

What can reproductive failure be caused by?

A

Viral replication in foetal tissues leading to malformation or death
Damage to placental blood vessels leading to interrupted blood supply to the foetus
Stress and pyrexia due to viral infection
A combination of the above

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4
Q

Describe a carrier animal

A

Shedding of virus without clinical signs - in semen, respiratory secretions, faeces
Shedding may be intermittent

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5
Q

What are the two viruses of the reproductive tract of the horse?

A 
Equine herpesvirus (EHV)
Equine arteritis virus (EAV)
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6
Q

What are the three types of equine herpesvirus?

A

EHV-1 - abortions, respiratory disease, paralysis
EHV-3 - genital pustules, not abortion
EHV-4 - respiratory disease, rarely isolated abortions

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7
Q

Describe EHV-1 cycling

A 
Over 90% of carrier horses in UK are latently infected
Virus is reactivated from latency
Nasal shedding of infectious virus
Young horses are infected
Recruitment of new hosts into cycle
Viral latency established
Horses latently infected again
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8
Q

Decribe EHV-1

A

Abortion in last third of pregnancy
Lung oedema
Multifocal necrosis in liver, lungs and spleen
Abortion accompanies or occurs shortly after foetal death

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9
Q

How can EHV-1 abortion be diagnosed?

A

Post mortem examination of foetus and placenta
PCR or virus isolation
Microscopic examination of tissue sections
EHV-1 immunostaining

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10
Q

How can EHV be prevented?

A

Isolation of pregnant mares during last trimester
Vaccination of all horses on the premises
Combination vaccines EHV-1 and EHV-4

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11
Q

Describe EHV control

A

Isolate affected mare if abortion
Collect foetus and placenta for testing
Paired serum samples from mare to test for rising antibody titre

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12
Q

Describe equine arteritis virus

A 
Arterivirus
Causes equine viral arteritis (EVA)
Notifiable disease
Last case in UK in 2012
Entry via respiratory tract or semen
Infects macrophages and endothelial cells and causes arteritis
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13
Q

How is EAV abortion diagnosed?

A

Clinical signs in mare - variable, fever, depression,conjunctivitis, abortion
Post mortem examination of aborted foetus and placenta
Virus-neutralising antibody levels in mare high at abortion or rising
Stallions are persistently infected and shed virus in semen
Investigate if travel history

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14
Q

What problems are there with EAV diagnosis?

A

Subclinical
Stallions can shed intermittently or persistently
Virus persists in accessory glands
Not considered to persist in mare

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15
Q

When is EVA notifiable?

A

Clinical signs observed in stallion
Evidence for EAV infection by semen or blood testing
Clinical signs or laboratory results indicate EVA - mare mated or artificially inseminated within past 14 days

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16
Q

Describe EAV control

A

Diagnosis on aborted foetus or semen samples using virus isolation or PCR
Movement restrictions
Vaccination of stallions

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17
Q

What are the four viruses of the reproductive tract of cattle?

A

Bovine viral diarrhoea virus
Bovine herpesvirus
Schmallenberg
Bluetongue

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18
Q

Describe BVDV

A

Pestivirus
Shed in respiratory secretions and faeces
Transmission also via semen during AI
Virus replication in respiratory and enteric tract
Haematogenous spread to foetus via placenta

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19
Q

What may BVDV damage to the developing foetus lead to?

A 
Stillbirths
Abortions
Early foetal death with reabsorption
Infertility
Mummification
Congenital damage - cerebellar hypoplasia, retinal dysplasia
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20
Q

Describe BVDv infection timing

A 
First trimester (0-110 days) - embryonic/foetal death causing resorption/abortion/mummification, persistent infection
Second trimester (111-190 days) - abortions/mummification, PIs usually only until day 140, congenital deformities (esp. days 125-175)
Third trimester (after day 191) - occasional abortions/still births/weak calves, predominately normal calf
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21
Q

How can BVD abortion be diagnosed?

A

PM examination on aborted foetus with PCR of lymphoid tissue
Histopathology with immunohistochemistry
Foetal serology on free foetal fluids for indication exposure
Maternal serology

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22
Q

Describe prevention and control of BVDV

A

Endemic in UK
Vaccination of dams before pregnancy
Identify and remove persistently infected animals
Various European countries have eradication programs

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23
Q

Describe BHV-1

A

Causes - Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IPV), infectious balanoposthitis (IBP)
Transfers - venereal, contact, aerosol

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24
Q

Describe IPV/IBP

A

Painful genital lesions
Swelling
Frequent urination
Tend to be self-limiting

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25
Q

Describe BHV-1 abortions

A 
Follow respiratory infections
Abortion may occur weeks after infection of dam
Usually at 4-8 months of gestation
Necrosis in foetal liver and lung
Frequently extensive autolysis
Abortion due to BHV-1 uncommon in the UK
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26
Q

How can BHV-1 be diagnosed, prevented and controlled?

A

Latent herpesvirus can become reactivated due to stress
Isolate and test new stock to prevent herd spread
Diagnosis - immunofluorescence/immuno-peroxidase on foetal tissues
Serological testing difficult to interpret
Vaccination reduces severity and duration of clinical disease
Eradication programs in various European countries

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27
Q

Describe Schmallenberg virus

A

Orthobunyavirus
Arbovirus
Infection of dam during early pregnancy
Virus has neurotropism
Common findings in foetuses/neonates - arthrogryposis, hydranencephaly, cerebellar/cerebral hypoplasia
Diagnosis - PCR, histopathology, foetal serology, maternal serology for indication

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28
Q

Describe bluetongue

A 
Orbivirus
Arbovirus
Abortions
Congenital defects due to teratogenic effect - hydranencephaly
Notifiable
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29
Q

What viruses cause reproductive failure in pigs?

A 
Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome (PRRS)
Porcine parvovirus
Influenza virus
Porcine circovirus 2
Suid herpesvirus 1 - Aujeszky's disease
Swine fever
30
Q

Describe PRRS

A

Family Arteriviridae
Infection of respiratory tract via aerosol
Genital tract infection via virus infected semen
Respiratory disease and oedema or subclinical
Blue ear disease
Less virulent strains may not cause obvious clinical signs
Immunosuppression
Late abortions/mummification/premature piglets

31
Q

How can PRRS be diagnosed in abortions?

A

PCR of lymphoid tissue

32
Q

How can PRRS be prevented and controlled?

A

PRRS is endemic in UK
SPF, all in
Separate pregnant sows from rest of herd
Avoid transfer of fomites

33
Q

How can PRRS be prevented and controlled?

A

Screening of semen for AI by PCR
Vaccination with inactivated vaccine
PRRS rapidly mutates leading to circulation of many genetic and antigenic variants
This makes diagnosis and control by vaccination difficult

34
Q

Describe porcine parvovirus

A

Stillbirths, mummification, embryonic death and infertility (SMEDI)
Abortion uncommon
Transmission - faecal oral
Replicates in GIT without clinical signs
Transplacental infection of foetus
Early embryonic death leads to resorption
Infection at later stages causes death of foetus with mummification
Death at late stages leads to stillbirths
If infected >70 days, foetal death less frequent due to immune response

35
Q

How can porcine parvovirus be diagnosed, prevented and controlled?

A

PCR on liver tissue if CRL is <70 days
Foetal fluid serology in older immunocompetent foetuses
DIagnosis by immunofluorescence on frozen foetal liver
Virus isolation
Vaccination

36
Q

Describe swine influenza

A

TypeA influenze virus (H1N1, H3N2)
Predominately respiratory signs
Pyrexia >41 degrees Celcius
Abortions predominately due to disease in sows
Transplacental infections considered rare
Diagnosis - PCR in acutely infected sows, paired serology

37
Q

What are two notifiable pig diseases?

A

Aujeszky’s disease

Swine fever

38
Q

Describe Aujeszky’s disease

A 
Pseudorabies
Family Herpesviridae
Notifiable
Entry via respiratory tract
CNS signs and high mortality in piglets
Pregnant sows - haematogenous spread to foetus, abortions/stillbirths
Eradicated from UK
39
Q

Describe classical swine fever

A 
Pestivirus in family Flaviviridae
Notifiable - last outbreak in UK in 2000
High mortality
Diarrhoea
Haemorrhages in skin and other organs
Abortion, mummification, stillbirths, congenital tremors
40
Q

Describe African swine fever

A

Family Asfaviridae
Notifiable
So far never occurred in the UK
Clinical signs very similar to classical swine fever

41
Q

Describe canine herpesvirus

A

Infection of pups during birth or shortly after birth can lead to systemic herpesvirus infection
Part of Fading Puppy Syndrome
Immature immune system and poor body temperature regulation allows infection to establish
Organ necrosis and death
Haemorrhages esp. in kidneys
Diagnosis by gross and histopathological findings
Vaccine now available for pregnant bitches

42
Q

What are the two viruses causing reproductive failure in cats?

A

FLV - feline leukaemia virus

FPV - feline parvovirus (feline panleucopenia virus)

43
Q

Describe FLV

A

Can cross placenta and elad to reproductive failure
Diagnosis - antigen test, immunofluorescence/PCR on aborted foetuses
Prevention - vaccination

44
Q

Describe FPV

A

Can elad to reproductive failure
Canlead to cerebellar hypoplasia
Prevention - vaccination

45
Q

What are the two laboratory diagnoses of reproductive failures?

A

Detection of virus

Detection of antibody

46
Q

Describe viral detection

A

Samples from foetal organs or whole foetus as well as placenta
Virus isolation, PCR or antigen detection
Problems if sampes aren’t fresh - viruseslose infectivity, nucleic acids and proteins degrade

47
Q

Describe antibody detection

A

Antibody detection in foetal fluids
Serology of the dam showing rising antibody titres
Problems with possible delay between - infection of dam and foetus, infection of foetus and reproductive failure becoming apparent

48
Q

What are the six bacterial consequences of infection?

A 
Abortion
Endometritis
Metritis
Infertility
Prostatitis
Orchitis
49
Q

What are the three routes of transmission for bacterial infections?

A

Venereal transmission
Endogenous infection
Environmental infection

50
Q

What are the six bacteria that can cause bovine abortion?

A 
Leptospira hardjo
Bacillus licheniformis
Salmonella dublin
Brucella abortus
Brucella melitensis
Mycoses
51
Q

What is the biggest cause of cattle abortion?

A

Leptospira hardjo

52
Q

What sort of infection does Leptospira cause?

A

Subclinical

53
Q

What is the reservoir of infection for Leptospira?

A

Animals - cattle, sheep, others

54
Q

Is Leptospira zoonotic?

A

Yes

55
Q

How can Leptospira be diagnosed?

A

Sera from a group representative sample of the animals

Examined by microscopic agglutination test at VLA

56
Q

Describe Bacillus licheniformis

A

Causes cattle abortion
From environment
Opportunist causing sporadic occurrences of abortion
Probably not spread from animal to animal

57
Q

Describe Brucella abortus

A

Largely eradicated in UK
Remains common in many parts of the world
Reservoirs of disease in wildlife
Chronic infections - granulomatous lesions
Organisms enter via phagocytosis at mucosal surfaces
Migrate via lymphatic to blood
Localises in lymphatics, liver and spleen
Organism attracted to placenta in pregnant animals
Causes placentitis and abortion
Zoonotic
Spreads easily through a herd
Facultative intracellular pathogen hiding in liver cels

58
Q

How has Brucella abortus been eradicated in the UK?

A

Vigorous policy of testing for antibody and slaughter of reactors
Vaccination using both live and killed vaccines

59
Q

Describe Salmonella enterica infection

A 
Causes abortion
Invasive serovars (S. Dublin) can cause a septicaemia
Invasive serovars can also cause abortion in pregnant animals
60
Q

Describe mycotic abortion

A

Due to Aspergillus sp. mainly
Many different fungi recorded as a cause
High numbers of fungal spores inhaled or ingested
Haematogenous migration to placenta
Placentitis and death of foetus
Subsequent fertility and health of the cow is unaffected
May also cause equine abortion

61
Q

Describe Bovine Infectious infertility

A

Caused by Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis
Mucous membrane and prepuce of mature bull
Lifelong asymptomatic infection
Infection of the cow at service leads to catarrhal inflammation of gential tract, endometritis and inflammation
Return to service and infertility
Detected by culture - sheath washings, vaginal washings or products of abortion

62
Q

Describe Bovine endometritis

A

Inflammation of uterine mucosa
Non-specific bovine endometritis - Arcanobacterium (Actinomyces) pyogenes, E. coli, Streptococci
Leads to pyometra - acute or chronic suppurative infection
Luteolysisprevented by inflammation
CL retained
Drainage prevented by closed cervix

63
Q

What is the main cause of abortion in sheep?

A

Chlamydophila abortus

64
Q

Describe Chlamydophila abortus

A 
Obligate intracellular pathogens
Long-term persistent infection
Late pregnancy abortion in ewes
Subsequent fertility not impaired
Enzootic abortion
65
Q

What is the reservoir for Chlamydophila abortus?

A

Sheep infection, faeces and birds
Venereal or oral transmission
Antigen detection by ELISA and Kosters stain
Vaccination prevents new cases but does not clear established infection

66
Q

Describe Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus

A

Sporadic abortion in cattle and sheep
Reservoir in intestinal tract and faeces on pasture
Ingestion - invasion - blood - bacteraemia - placenta - abortion

67
Q

Describe canine reproductive tract infections

A

Pyometra and endometritis - Coliforms (E. coli), Beta-haemolytic streptococci (S. canis, S. zooepidemicus)
Prostatitis - non-specific infections, E. coli, Proteus, Streptococci, Staphylococci, Mycoplasma felis

68
Q

Which bacteria causes abortion in mares?

A

Streptococcus zooepidemicus - Beta-haemolytic streptococci, Lancefield group C

69
Q

Describe contagious equine metritis

A 
Taylorella equigenitalis
Acute
Contagious
Venereal transmission
Metritis, cervicitis, discharge
Originally from USA and eradicated from UK
Spread by stallion at service and by fomites
Diagnosis by culture and by PCR
Serology gives uncertain results
70
Q

Describe equine metritis

A

Klebsiella pneumoniae
Serotypes - K1, K5 and K7
Culture to demonstrate freedom from infection

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