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Reproduction > Small Animal - Female > Flashcards

Small Animal - Female Flashcards

1
Q

What is very important to established with vulval discharge?

A

Age
Neutered status
Stage of reproductive cycle - metoestrus, pregnancy

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2
Q

What is an important clue in the cause of vulval discharge?

A

Colour

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3
Q

What is a creamy white vulval discharge?

A

Mucopurulent discharge

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4
Q

What is a red vulval discharge?

A

Haemorrhagic

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5
Q

What does a greeny black vulval discharge suggest in the bitch?

A

Placental separation

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6
Q

What does a reddy brown vaginal discharge suggest in the queen?

A

Placental separation

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7
Q

What are the six main colours of vulval discharge?

A 
Creamy white
Red
Greeny black
Clear watery
Clear brownish mucoid
Reddy brown
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8
Q

What should you always make clear with vulval discharge?

A

Is it coming from uterus/vagina or urethra?

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9
Q

What are some DDx with white vaginal discharge?

A

Vaginitis
Early metoestrus
Open pyometra
Cystitis

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10
Q

What are some DDx with a red vaginal discharge?

A 
Proestrus
Oestrus
Persistent ovarian follicle
Ovarian tumour
Vaginal trauma
Vaginal foreign body
Cystitis
Urethral neoplasia
Coagulopathy
Placental separation
Sub involution post partum
Vascular malformation
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11
Q

What colour is normal vaginal discharge?

A

Clear mucoid

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12
Q

What would a clear watery vaginal discharge suggest?

A

Amniotic/allantoic fluid

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13
Q

What would a greeny black vaginal discharge suggest?

A

Normal parturition

Dystocia

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14
Q

What is the DDx with a brown/red to black vaginal discharge?

A

Metritis

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15
Q

What would a yellow vaginal discharge suggest?

A

Incontinence

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16
Q

What does vaginitis usually present as in the healthy bitch?

A

Purulent discharge

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17
Q

What may vaginitis cause?

A

Irritation

Owners usually more anxious than dog

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18
Q

Describe juvenile (prepubertal) vaginitis

A

Secondary to bacteria contamination
Secondary to excess vaginal secretion
Usually resolves spontaneously with first season
Antibiotics should be avoided

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19
Q

What should be the aim with adult vaginitis?

A

Identify and treat specific causes

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20
Q

What may adult vaginitis respond to?

A

Exogenous oestrogens (topical/oral)

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21
Q

Essentially, what is pyometra?

A

Uterus fills with pus

Results in life threatening illness

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22
Q

When does pyometra usually present?

A

Within 8 weeks of last oestrus

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23
Q

What are the two ways that pyometra can be described?

A

Open

Closed

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24
Q

What is usually associated with an open pyometra?

A

Mucopurulent vaginal discharge

Mild-moderately enlarged uterus

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25
Q

What is usually associated with a closed pyometra?

A

No vaginal discharge
Grossly enlarged uterus
Systemic illness

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26
Q

What four things need to occur for pyometra to occur?

A

Bacterial infection
Cystic endometrial hyperplasia - substrate for bacteria to interact with
Progesterone - downplays natural immunity
Open cervix

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27
Q

Which type of pyometra is easier to diagnose?

A

Open pyometra

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28
Q

What may you see on haematology/biochemistry with pyometra?

A 
Left shift neutrophilia
Azotaemia
Acidosis
Endotoxaemia
Hypoglycaemia
Anaemia
Coagulation abnormalities
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29
Q

What is a general first sign of closed pyometra? How can this progress?

A

PU/PD
Leads to vomiting
Finally shock and collapse

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30
Q

What two ways is pyometra diagnosed?

A

Ultrasound - tells pregnant or fluid present

Radiography - enlarged uterus

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31
Q

What is the most common treatment for pyometra?

A

Surgery - ovarohysterectomy

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32
Q

What are three ways vaginal trauma can occur?

A

Forced separation of mating dogs
Malicious wounding
Iatrogenic

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33
Q

What may occur with vaginal trauma?

A

Severe bleeding

34
Q

What needs to be investigated with vaginal trauma?

A

Origin of bleeding

35
Q

What is usually all that is required with vaginal trauma?

A

Conservative/supportive treatment

May or may not need broad spectrum antibiotics

36
Q

What is important in vaginal mass problems?

A

Age
Neutered status - rarely get masses in neutered animals
Stage of reproductive cycle - oestrus, pregnancy

37
Q

What gives important clues about vaginal masses?

A 
Size
Shape
Consistency
Does it contain a hole?
In wall or in lumen?
Where is it in relation to external orifice?
38
Q

What are the commonest tumours in the bitch?

A

Smooth muscle tumours of the vaginal/vestibule

39
Q

What are the typical smooth muscle tumours found?

A

Slow growing smooth muscle tumours - leiomyoma, leiomyosarcoma, other tumour types possible

40
Q

Which dogs is vaginal neoplasia most common in?

A

Entire bitches

Usually elderly

41
Q

How does vaginal/vestibulo neoplasia present?

A

Visible mass
Bulging perineum
Dysuria
Dyschezia

42
Q

What can be used to diagnose vaginal/vestibulo neoplasia?

A 
History
Physical exam
Endoscopy
Radiography
Biopsy
43
Q

What is the treatment for vaginal neoplasia?

A

Surgical excision combined with ovariohysterectomy - episiotomy, pubic symphysiotomy with vaginal excision
Chemotherapy for transmissable venereal tumour - not UK

44
Q

What is vaginal hyperplasia essentially?

A

Excessive response of vaginal mucosa to oestrogens during follicular phase of oestrus cycle

45
Q

What two things can vaginal hyperplasia result in?

A

Vaginal oedema

Vaginal prolapse

46
Q

Which breeds are most predisposed to vaginal hyperplasia?

A

Brachycephalic breeds

47
Q

What problems can occur with vaginal hyperplasia?

A

May interfere with mating

Exposed tissue may get traumatised

48
Q

How can vaginal hyperplasia be diagnosed?

A

History

Physical exam

49
Q

What is the most conservative measure for treating vaginal hyperplasia?

A

Keep prolapse moist
Push back into vagina
Ensure sutures remain long enough

50
Q

What needs to be done with vaginal hyperplasia if tissue is traumatised or non-viable?

A

Excise surgically

Episiotomy

51
Q

What is ambiguous genitalia?

A

Manifestation of intersexuality

52
Q

What is the most common presentation of ambiguous genitalia?

A

Enlarged clitoris/underdeveloped penis in the “female” puppy

53
Q

What does ambiguous genitalia indicate?

A

Presence of androgens

Testicular material with varying levels of ovarian tissue

54
Q

What investigations are useful in ambiguous genitalia?

A

Evaluation of pelvic anatomy
Removal of gonads with histopathology
Karotyping
SRY gene testing

55
Q

What is the treatment for ambiguous genitalia?

A

Removal of gonads
Partial penile amputation
Treat other abnormalities if associated with clinical signs

56
Q

What is dystocia defined as?

A

Disturbance during parturition when normal delivery of the foetus through the birth canal is interrupted

57
Q

What is a common reproductive problem in both dogs and cats?

A

Dystocia

58
Q

What are the three classifications of dystocia?

A

Maternal
Maternofoetal
Foetal

59
Q

What should be a cause of concern during parturition?

A

Fluids passed more than 2-3 hours previously but no birth
Dam been straining regularly with no birth
Greenish/reddish brown vulval discharge with no birth within 2-4 hours
Weak straining for 2-4 hours with no birth
More than 2-4 hours since last pup/kitten and more known to remain
Second stage of labour longer than 12 hours
Dam is sick

60
Q

What are the maternal causes of dystocia?

A

Narrow birth canal - soft tissue, osseous
Disturbed labour - uterine inertia, uterine spasm/tetany, inadequate abdominal forces
Uterine abnormalities - torsion, rupture, malformation, adhesions
Prolonged pregnancy
Psychogenic status
Extra uterine problems - sepsis, other
Premature birth
Prolonged parturition
Idiopathic

61
Q

What are the most common causes of dystocia?

A

Maternal causes - uterine inertia

62
Q

What are foetal causes of dystocia?

A

Increased foetal size - litter size, gestational length, genetic/breed factors
Foetal malpresentation
Abnormal foetal development - hydrocephalus, other congenital abnormalities, foetal death

63
Q

What is the most common foetal cause of dystocia?

A

Malpresentation

64
Q

What are the two types of uterine inertia?

A

Primary - uterus fails to respond to foetal signals

Secondary - myometrium is exhausted

65
Q

What can causes of primary uterine inertia be?

A 
Small litter
Very large litter
Systemic disease of dam
Inherited predisposition
Nutritional imbalance
Obesity
Age
Failure of neuroendocrine regulation
66
Q

When should medical management of dystocia only be considered?

A

When there is no evidence of obstruction

67
Q

What are the medical ways to manage dystocia?

A 
Exercise the dam
Feathering the roof of the vaginal floor
Treat with oxytocin
Treat hypocalcaemia/hypoglycaemia
Tocospasmolytic drugs
68
Q

What is required with dystocia if medical treatment is unsuccessful or inappropriate?

A

Caesarean section

69
Q

What is important in oxytocin use?

A

Repeated small doses 0.2-0.4 IU/kg

70
Q

What are single large doses of oxytocin associated with?

A

Prolonged myometrial contraction

Leads to placental compression and compromise

71
Q

What is the dosage interval with oxytocin?

A

Every 30-40 minutes

72
Q

What is treatment with oxytocin alone associated with?

A

Increased number of stillborn and hypoxic pups

73
Q

What are four congenital abnormalities in the female?

A

Vulval stenosis
Anovulvar cleft
Rectovaginal fistula
Vestibulovaginal stricture

74
Q

What are four acquired abnormalities of the female?

A

Vulval hypertrophy - juvenile prolonged proestrous, endogenous/exogenous oestrogens
Recessed vulva
Trauma
Neoplasia

75
Q

What are pathological causes of abdominal distension with the reproductive tract?

A 
Pyometra
Retained foetus
Ovarian neoplasia
Uterine neoplasia
Segmental aplasia and mucometra - incidental finding, part hasn't developed, sterile mucoid exudate
76
Q

What are the tumour types with ovarian neoplasia?

A

Granulosa cell tumour
Cystadenoma
Adenocarcinoma
Teratoma

77
Q

What does ovarian neoplasia often present with?

A

Large mass

Sometimes ascites

78
Q

What is the treatment for ovarian neoplasia?

A

Surgical excision

79
Q

What is hydrometra/mucometra?

A

Sterile accumulations of fluid within the uterus

80
Q

What is hydrometra/mucometra secondary to?

A

Congenital abnormalities

81
Q

What are the three reproductive causes of systemic illness?

A

Closed pyometra
Uterine torsion
Uterine rupture

Reproduction (14 decks)

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