Large Animal - Surgery Flashcards

1
Q

What are the advantages of castration?

A

Prevents indiscriminate mating
Reduces aggression - easier management of animals, safety of staff and public
Reduces taint
Improves carcass quality

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2
Q

What are the disadvantages of castration?

A

Reduced growth rate
Pain
Consumers don’t like fat
Loss of potential breeding animals

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3
Q

When is anaesthesia required for castration?

A

Bull/goat - older than two months

Ram - older thanthree months

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4
Q

What animals can an elastrator ring be used on?

A

Animals less than a week old

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5
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages to eslastrator/rubber ring?

A

Advantages - simplicity, low failure rate

Disadvantages - only within 1 week of age, pain, tissue necrosis

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6
Q

Describe elastrator/rubber ringing

A
Lambs and calves
Causes necrosis of scrotum and testis
Within 1 week of birth by law
Ensure both testis are within the scrotum and distal tothe ring
Mind the penis
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7
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of Burdizzo or bloodless castrators?

A

Advantages - no wound

Disadvantages - pain, high failure rate, scrotal ischaemia, crushing sigmoid flexure

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8
Q

Describe the technique to use a Burdizzo castrator

A

Draw right testis into bottom of scrotal sac
Hold spermatic cord firmly against lateral edge of neck of scrotum
Clamp cord about 4cm above testis
Second clamp about 2cm distal to first
Repeat for left testis, leave gap between left and right crush marks

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9
Q

What should we warn the owner when using a Burdizzo castrator?

A

Check scrotum - should contain 2 hard nuts 8 weeks later

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10
Q

What complications are there when using a Burdizzo castrator?

A

Failure to crush cord adequately
Scrotal necrosis
Accidental clamping of sigmoid flexure of penis

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11
Q

What three things need to be considered when doing an open castration?

A

Clean calf
Clean environment
Clean surgeon

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12
Q

What two major things must be done when doing an open castration?

A

Incision must involve bottom of scrotum

Only touch tissues that will be removed

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13
Q

Describe the process of doing an open castration

A

Put a scalpel and a pair of large forceps in a tray with disinfectant
Get someone else to catch and restrain the calf
Infiltrate local anaesthetic
Swab the scrotum with disinfectant
Tense the testis into the bottom of the scrotum
Pick up the scalpel
Make a J-shaped incision through the skin, dartos and vaginal tunic down to the testis
Avoid slashing wrist or fingers
Put scalpel down
Remove testis (pull and twist)
Repeat on second testis

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14
Q

Describe anaesthesia for an open castration

A
3-5ml Procaine each side
Infiltrate around cord
Infiltrate under skin
Intratesticular
NSAIDs post op
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15
Q

What difference is there between castrating lambs and rams?

A

Lambs - cut off bottom of scrotum, local anaesthetic

Rams - require greater care, epidural block

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16
Q

What anesthesia does a boar require for open castration?

A

Sedation
Epidural block
General anaesthesia

17
Q

What are some complications involved with open castration?

A

Haemorrhage
Post-operative - oedema, infection
Gut tie
Inguinal herniation

18
Q

What in a history would influence the decision to perform a caesarean?

A

Dam - heifer or cow, more than five days beyond expected calving date, long period of unproductive straining
Calf - valubale calf

19
Q

What on an external examination would influence the decision to perform a caesarean?

A

Body condition - fat, very thin if beef dam
Age/maturity - normal calving unlikely below 18 months of age
Confirmation - any gross abnormalities
Health - any concurrent disaease

20
Q

What are the indications for performing a caesarean?

A
Foeto-maternal disproportion
Incomplete dilatation of the cervix
Irreducible uterine torsion
Foetal deformity
Faulty foetal disposition
21
Q

What is the most frequent overall indication for a caesarean in cattle?

A

Foeto-maternal disproportion

22
Q

When is a caesarean indicated with foeto-maternal disproportion?

A

Head and both elbows can not be pulled into the pelvic canal by traction by one person with a calving aid

23
Q

What does a successful prognosis with a caesarean depend upon?

A
Duration of dystocia
Concurrent disease
Skill and speed of the surgeon
Availability of skilled assistance
Surgical environment
Presence of a live calf
24
Q

Where should you perform a caesarean?

A
Clean box with fresh straw
Automatic yolks or "crush"
Restraint
Light
Clean and non-slip floor
25
Q

Describe standing caesarean surgery

A
Halter cow in a corner with right flank against a wall
Bulldogs in nose
Rope on right hind leg
Tail tied to right hind leg
Clenbuterol
Epidural
Xylazine
26
Q

Describe caesarean in arecumbent animal

A
Cast or use xylazine
Clenbuterol
Tie tail
Hobble legs
Semi-lateral recumbency with balebehind shoulder
27
Q

What are the anaesthesia options for a caesarean?

A

Paravertebral - T13, L1, L2 and L3
Local block - line, inverted L
Epidural if straining
Try not to sedate

28
Q

Describe preparation of the animal for a caesarean section

A

Clip or shave a large area of the left flank
Prep the flank
Drape with: - cloth, plastic or clingfilm

29
Q

Describe preparation of the surgeon when performing a caesarean section

A
Kit in a safe place
Scrub suit
Scrub up
Thread large curved round bodied needle
Use 5 to 8 metric catgut for uterus
Sterile calving ropes
Revival equipment
Prepare your assistant
30
Q

Describe the a caesarean surgery

A

Test anaesthesia
Incise abdomen - left flank, identify layers, rush of air, avoid the rumen
Incise uterus
Remove calf
Check for a second calf
Tidy foetal membranes up
Check for uterine haemorrhage - ligate large vessels
Suture uterus - 5 to 8M catgut. continuous inverting pattern, interlocking/water-tight, double layer
Clean uterus and reposition
Remove blood clots from abdomen
Abdominal antibiosis
Suture each of the 3 muscle layers separately

31
Q

Describe post-operative management of a caesarean surgery

A
Clean surgical area
Dip calf navel
Feed calf colostrum
Topical spray
Oxytocin
Untie tail
Antibiotics for 3 days
NSAIDs
32
Q

What are some complications with caesarean section surgery?

A

Intra op - straining, incised rumen, uterine tear, haemorrhage, recumbency, contamination
Post op - wound infection, endo/metritis, peritonitis, sepsis, adhesions, infetility