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Reproduction > Small Animal - Male > Flashcards

Small Animal - Male Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common congenital defect in the male dog?

A

Missing testicle - cryptorchidism

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2
Q

What are the three locations of undescended testicles?

A

Abdominal
Inguinal - most common
Prescrotal

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3
Q

What is cryptorchidism thought to be?

A

Sex linked autosomal recessive trait

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4
Q

What are retained testicles more susceptible to?

A

Torsion

Neoplasia

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5
Q

What is the treatment for cryptorchidism?

A

Castration to prevent future problems

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6
Q

What is extremely rare in dogs?

A

Anorchism

Monorchism

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7
Q

What are the three presentations of different testicle sizes?

A

Increased in size
One increased and one decreased
One decreased in size

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8
Q

What are the three main causes of different sized testicles?

A

Neoplasia
Orchitis/epididymitis
Torsion

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9
Q

What can help make a diagnosis of the cause of different sized testicles?

A 
History
Physical examination
Ultrasound
Aspiration
Biopsy
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10
Q

What is the second most common site for tumours in dogs?

A

Testicles

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11
Q

What are the three most common tumour types in testicles?

A

Seminoma
Interstitial cell tumour
Seroli cell tumour

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12
Q

What is the difference between tumours affecting scrotal testicles and those affecting cryptorchid testicles?

A

Scrotal neoplasia is usually benign

Cryptorchid neoplasia is usually malignant

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13
Q

Where do matastasised tumours usually go?

A

Lymph nodes

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14
Q

What occurs if testicular tumours are functional?

A

Interstitial produce testosterone

Sertoli tumours may produce oestrogen - leads to feminisation

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15
Q

What can all testicular tumour types be associated with?

A

Infertility - production of hormones, replacement of functional tissue

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16
Q

What is diagnosis and treatment of testicular neoplasia usually combined with?

A

Castration

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17
Q

What are signs of orchitis/epididymitis?

A 
Epididymal enlargement
Testicular pain
Tenseness and scrotal oedema
May abcessate
Systemic illness
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18
Q

What can chronic infections of orchitis/epididymitis result in?

A

Small and firm testicle with epididymal enlargement

Adhesions between tunics and scrotum may reduce mobility

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19
Q

What are the three origins of orchitis/epididymitis?

A

Urinary tract
Direct penetration
Haematogenous spread

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20
Q

What two things does the treatment of orchitis/epididymitis depend upon?

A

Severity of signs

Use of dog

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21
Q

What is the frequent treatment for orchitis/epididymitis?

A

Castration

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22
Q

What is testicular torsion more common in?

A

Retained testicles

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23
Q

What can the presenting signs of testicular torsion be confused with?

A

Disease of other body systems

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24
Q

What is generally required with testicular torsion?

A

Castration

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25
Q

What are the presenting signs for protruding penis?

A 
Social problem for owner
Low grade irritation
Pain
Bleeding
Trauma
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26
Q

What are the three diagnoses of protruding penises?

A

Paraphimosis
Priapism
Trauma

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27
Q

What is paraphimosis?

A

Non-erect penis prostrudes from prepuce and cannot be retracted or retained in its normal position

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28
Q

What can paraphimosis result from?

A

Narrowed preputial orifice
Penile enlargement preventing retraction
Failure of penis to stay in prepuce - abnormally short prepuce, weak preputial musciles, weak retractor penis muscle, contracture following wound

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29
Q

What does the treatment of paraphimosis depend on?

A

Severity

Cause

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30
Q

What are the treatments for paraphimosis?

A 
Symptomatic
Surgical enlargement of opening
Phallopexy
Preputial lengthening/reconstructive procedures
Partial penile amuptation
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31
Q

What is priapism?

A

Persistent erection of more than four hours not associated with sexual excitement

32
Q

What three things has priapism been associated with?

A

Trauma
Perineal abscess
Neurological disease

33
Q

What are the two categories of priapism?

A 
Non ischaemic (arterial with high flow)
Ischaemic (veno-occlusive with low flow)
34
Q

How can priapism be differentiated?

A

Clinical signs - non ischaemic (entire penis partially rigid and non-painful, not usually an emergency), ischaemic (painful rigid shaft with a soft glans, emergency)

35
Q

What are further diagnostics that can be used for priapism?

A

Ultrasound

Blood gas analysis of aspirated blood

36
Q

What are the treatment options for priapism?

A

Buster collar
Analgesia
Topical treatment of penis
Therapeutic aspiration via incisions with corpus cavernosum flushing
If these fail then - perineal urethrostomy, scrotal urethrostomy

37
Q

What are the diagnoses for penile masses?

A

Inflammatory disease
Neoplasia
Urethral prolapse

38
Q

What confirms diagnosis for penile masses?

A

Clinical appearance

Biopsy

39
Q

What tumour types have been reported for penile tumours?

A

Soft tissue - TVT, SCC, papilloma, lymphoma, adenocarcinoma and MCT
Os penis - osteosarcoma, ossifying fibroma, chondrosarcoma

40
Q

What is the treatment of penile tumours dependent upon?

A

Type

Location

41
Q

What two treatment types are there?

A

Medical

Surgery

42
Q

What may penile injuries occur secondary to?

A 
Maring
Fence jumping
Dog fights
Cat bites
Road traffic accidents
Iatrogenic in surgery
43
Q

What are the presenting signs with penile injuries?

A

Haemorrhage
Dysuria
Extravasation of urine

44
Q

What does treatment of penile injuries depend upon?

A

Degree of wound

Extent of wound

45
Q

What is hypospadia?

A

Developmental abnormality
Failure of fusion of the urogenital folds
Incomplete formation of penile urethra

46
Q

What is not usually attempted with hypospadia?

A

Surgical correction

47
Q

What is the treatment for persistent frenulum?

A

Sectioning under short general anaesthesia

48
Q

What is persistent frenulum?

A

Penis and prepuce still attached to each other

49
Q

What is phimosis?

A

Inability to protrude the penis beyond the preputial orifice

50
Q

What is the treatment for phimosis?

A

Surgical enlargement

Treatment of underlying condition

51
Q

What is normal in a mature dog with discharge?

A

Slight creamy preputial discharge

52
Q

When should preputial discharge be investigated?

A

If severe

If blood-tinged

53
Q

What is the first thing you should check with preputial discharge?

A

Where it’s coming from? - External urethral orifice, prepuce

54
Q

What should be treated with preputial discharge?

A

Underlying cause

55
Q

What is an important sign of male reproductive tract disease in the dog?

A

Dyschezia

56
Q

What does dyschezia usually indicate?

A

Prostatic enlargement

57
Q

What are the four important causes of prostatic disease in the dog?

A

Benign prostatic hypertrophy
Prostatitis/abscessation
Prostatic cysts
Neoplasia

58
Q

What is the commonest prostatic disorder in entire male dogs?

A

Benign prostatic hypertrophy

59
Q

What does BPH result in?

A

Uniform prostatic enlargement leading to dyschezia and occasionally dysuria

60
Q

How is BPH diagnosed?

A

Physical exam

Ultrasonography

61
Q

What is the surgical treatment of BPH?

A

Castration
Permanent involution occurs within 3-12 weeks
Irreversible

62
Q

What is the main medical treatment of BPH?

A

Anti-androgens - osaterone acetate, 7 day oral treatment

63
Q

What are other examples of medical treatments of BPH?

A

Synthetic progestagen
GnRH analogue
Oestrogens
Faecal softeners

64
Q

What is prostatitis usually associated with?

A

Urinary tract infection

May arise from haematogenous spread

65
Q

Which dogs is prostatitis infection more likely in?

A

Entire dogs

66
Q

What can prostatitis be associated with?

A 
Purulent urethral discharge
Systemic illness
Dysuric
Painful
Vomiting
Diarrhoea
PU/PD
67
Q

What is the diagnosis of prostatitis made on?

A

Physical exam
Ultrasonography
Aspirate
Rectal likely to be painful

68
Q

What clinical pathology tests could be useful for prostatitis?

A 
Haematology
Biochemistry
Urinalysis and culture
Cytology of aspirate
Culture and sensitivity of aspirate
69
Q

What is the treatment of prostatic cysts?

A

Rarely medical - aspiration

Usually surgical - castration, omentalisation, drainage procedure

70
Q

Where do prostatic cysts arise?

A

Parenchyma of prostate

71
Q

What is the most common prostatic disease to occur in castrated animals?

A

Prostatic neoplasia

72
Q

What are the two commonest prostatic neoplasia tumour types?

A

Adenocarcinoma

Transitional cell carcinoma

73
Q

What are the signs of prostatic neoplasia?

A 
Weight loss
Pain
Hind leg lameness
Dyschezia
Dysuria
Hind leg oedema
74
Q

What do you need to do to diagnose prostatic neoplasia?

A

Biopsy - Tru cut under ultrasound guidance, incisional biopsy

75
Q

What treatment is provided with prostatic neoplasia?

A

Palliative - urethral stent, cystotomy tube, NSAIDs, other symptomatic care

76
Q

What surgical techniques can be used for prostatic disease?

A

Drainage - omentalisation, drain insertion, marsupialisation
Cyst resection
Biopsy
Prostatectomy - partial, total

Reproduction (14 decks)

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