Small Animal - Male Flashcards
What is the most common congenital defect in the male dog?
Missing testicle - cryptorchidism
What are the three locations of undescended testicles?
Abdominal
Inguinal - most common
Prescrotal
What is cryptorchidism thought to be?
Sex linked autosomal recessive trait
What are retained testicles more susceptible to?
Torsion
Neoplasia
What is the treatment for cryptorchidism?
Castration to prevent future problems
What is extremely rare in dogs?
Anorchism
Monorchism
What are the three presentations of different testicle sizes?
Increased in size
One increased and one decreased
One decreased in size
What are the three main causes of different sized testicles?
Neoplasia
Orchitis/epididymitis
Torsion
What can help make a diagnosis of the cause of different sized testicles?
History Physical examination Ultrasound Aspiration Biopsy
What is the second most common site for tumours in dogs?
Testicles
What are the three most common tumour types in testicles?
Seminoma
Interstitial cell tumour
Seroli cell tumour
What is the difference between tumours affecting scrotal testicles and those affecting cryptorchid testicles?
Scrotal neoplasia is usually benign
Cryptorchid neoplasia is usually malignant
Where do matastasised tumours usually go?
Lymph nodes
What occurs if testicular tumours are functional?
Interstitial produce testosterone
Sertoli tumours may produce oestrogen - leads to feminisation
What can all testicular tumour types be associated with?
Infertility - production of hormones, replacement of functional tissue
What is diagnosis and treatment of testicular neoplasia usually combined with?
Castration
What are signs of orchitis/epididymitis?
Epididymal enlargement Testicular pain Tenseness and scrotal oedema May abcessate Systemic illness
What can chronic infections of orchitis/epididymitis result in?
Small and firm testicle with epididymal enlargement
Adhesions between tunics and scrotum may reduce mobility
What are the three origins of orchitis/epididymitis?
Urinary tract
Direct penetration
Haematogenous spread
What two things does the treatment of orchitis/epididymitis depend upon?
Severity of signs
Use of dog
What is the frequent treatment for orchitis/epididymitis?
Castration
What is testicular torsion more common in?
Retained testicles
What can the presenting signs of testicular torsion be confused with?
Disease of other body systems
What is generally required with testicular torsion?
Castration
What are the presenting signs for protruding penis?
Social problem for owner Low grade irritation Pain Bleeding Trauma
What are the three diagnoses of protruding penises?
Paraphimosis
Priapism
Trauma
What is paraphimosis?
Non-erect penis prostrudes from prepuce and cannot be retracted or retained in its normal position
What can paraphimosis result from?
Narrowed preputial orifice
Penile enlargement preventing retraction
Failure of penis to stay in prepuce - abnormally short prepuce, weak preputial musciles, weak retractor penis muscle, contracture following wound
What does the treatment of paraphimosis depend on?
Severity
Cause
What are the treatments for paraphimosis?
Symptomatic Surgical enlargement of opening Phallopexy Preputial lengthening/reconstructive procedures Partial penile amuptation
What is priapism?
Persistent erection of more than four hours not associated with sexual excitement
What three things has priapism been associated with?
Trauma
Perineal abscess
Neurological disease
What are the two categories of priapism?
Non ischaemic (arterial with high flow) Ischaemic (veno-occlusive with low flow)
How can priapism be differentiated?
Clinical signs - non ischaemic (entire penis partially rigid and non-painful, not usually an emergency), ischaemic (painful rigid shaft with a soft glans, emergency)
What are further diagnostics that can be used for priapism?
Ultrasound
Blood gas analysis of aspirated blood
What are the treatment options for priapism?
Buster collar
Analgesia
Topical treatment of penis
Therapeutic aspiration via incisions with corpus cavernosum flushing
If these fail then - perineal urethrostomy, scrotal urethrostomy
What are the diagnoses for penile masses?
Inflammatory disease
Neoplasia
Urethral prolapse
What confirms diagnosis for penile masses?
Clinical appearance
Biopsy
What tumour types have been reported for penile tumours?
Soft tissue - TVT, SCC, papilloma, lymphoma, adenocarcinoma and MCT
Os penis - osteosarcoma, ossifying fibroma, chondrosarcoma
What is the treatment of penile tumours dependent upon?
Type
Location
What two treatment types are there?
Medical
Surgery
What may penile injuries occur secondary to?
Maring Fence jumping Dog fights Cat bites Road traffic accidents Iatrogenic in surgery
What are the presenting signs with penile injuries?
Haemorrhage
Dysuria
Extravasation of urine
What does treatment of penile injuries depend upon?
Degree of wound
Extent of wound
What is hypospadia?
Developmental abnormality
Failure of fusion of the urogenital folds
Incomplete formation of penile urethra
What is not usually attempted with hypospadia?
Surgical correction
What is the treatment for persistent frenulum?
Sectioning under short general anaesthesia
What is persistent frenulum?
Penis and prepuce still attached to each other
What is phimosis?
Inability to protrude the penis beyond the preputial orifice
What is the treatment for phimosis?
Surgical enlargement
Treatment of underlying condition
What is normal in a mature dog with discharge?
Slight creamy preputial discharge
When should preputial discharge be investigated?
If severe
If blood-tinged
What is the first thing you should check with preputial discharge?
Where it’s coming from? - External urethral orifice, prepuce
What should be treated with preputial discharge?
Underlying cause
What is an important sign of male reproductive tract disease in the dog?
Dyschezia
What does dyschezia usually indicate?
Prostatic enlargement
What are the four important causes of prostatic disease in the dog?
Benign prostatic hypertrophy
Prostatitis/abscessation
Prostatic cysts
Neoplasia
What is the commonest prostatic disorder in entire male dogs?
Benign prostatic hypertrophy
What does BPH result in?
Uniform prostatic enlargement leading to dyschezia and occasionally dysuria
How is BPH diagnosed?
Physical exam
Ultrasonography
What is the surgical treatment of BPH?
Castration
Permanent involution occurs within 3-12 weeks
Irreversible
What is the main medical treatment of BPH?
Anti-androgens - osaterone acetate, 7 day oral treatment
What are other examples of medical treatments of BPH?
Synthetic progestagen
GnRH analogue
Oestrogens
Faecal softeners
What is prostatitis usually associated with?
Urinary tract infection
May arise from haematogenous spread
Which dogs is prostatitis infection more likely in?
Entire dogs
What can prostatitis be associated with?
Purulent urethral discharge Systemic illness Dysuric Painful Vomiting Diarrhoea PU/PD
What is the diagnosis of prostatitis made on?
Physical exam
Ultrasonography
Aspirate
Rectal likely to be painful
What clinical pathology tests could be useful for prostatitis?
Haematology Biochemistry Urinalysis and culture Cytology of aspirate Culture and sensitivity of aspirate
What is the treatment of prostatic cysts?
Rarely medical - aspiration
Usually surgical - castration, omentalisation, drainage procedure
Where do prostatic cysts arise?
Parenchyma of prostate
What is the most common prostatic disease to occur in castrated animals?
Prostatic neoplasia
What are the two commonest prostatic neoplasia tumour types?
Adenocarcinoma
Transitional cell carcinoma
What are the signs of prostatic neoplasia?
Weight loss Pain Hind leg lameness Dyschezia Dysuria Hind leg oedema
What do you need to do to diagnose prostatic neoplasia?
Biopsy - Tru cut under ultrasound guidance, incisional biopsy
What treatment is provided with prostatic neoplasia?
Palliative - urethral stent, cystotomy tube, NSAIDs, other symptomatic care
What surgical techniques can be used for prostatic disease?
Drainage - omentalisation, drain insertion, marsupialisation
Cyst resection
Biopsy
Prostatectomy - partial, total
