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Reproduction > Large Animal - Nutrition and Pregnancy > Flashcards

Large Animal - Nutrition and Pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the six essential nutrients needed for pregnancy?

A 
Water
Energy
Protein
Minerals
Vitamins
Roughage
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2
Q

Describe the typical energy requirements of the dairy cow normally

A

1 litre of milk requires 5MJ of energy
Maintenance requirement (700kg cow) - 72 MJ/day
High level activity (700kg cow) - 19MJ/day

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3
Q

Describe the energy requirements for a pregnant dairy cow

A 
Month 2 - extra 0.5 MJ/day
Month 4 - extra 1.6 MJ/day
Month 6 - extra 5.0 MJ/day
Full term - 35.0 MJ/day
Overdue - 44.0 MJ/day
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4
Q

How can energy requirements for the cow be approximately calculated?

A

Maintenance+Activity+Milk Yield+Pregnancy+Growth etc.

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5
Q

When do we include growth energy requirements in calculating energy requirements?

A

Up until lactation 3

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6
Q

What does energy requirement vary with?

A

Different breeds
Different milk compositions
Breed of sire for calf

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7
Q

What is the main sourceof energy for cows?

A

Cereals

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8
Q

What are some high sources of energy for cows?

A

Cereal grains

By product feeds

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9
Q

What are some moderate sources of energy for cows?

A 
TMR
Maize silage
Haylage
Good quality pasture
Good quality hay
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10
Q

What are some low sources of energy?

A

Low quality hay
Low quality pasture
Straw
By products

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11
Q

What does grass have a metabolic energy of?

A

10-11 MJ/kg DM

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12
Q

What would happen if we met energy requirements with cereals only?

A

Acidosis

SARA

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13
Q

When is voluntary feed intake reduced?

A

Around calving - late pregnancy, early lactation

Fat cows

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14
Q

What is voluntary feed intake expressed as?

A

Dry matter intake (kg/day DM)

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15
Q

What affects the voluntary feed intake?

A 
Type of feed
Palatability
Fresh
Heated
Mouldy
Trough space
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16
Q

What is the aim for nutrition in the ewe gestation period?

A

Minimize embryo loss - kale/rape may reduce fertility
No abrupt changes
Allow for growth - ewe lambs and ewes being bred second time need extra feeding

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17
Q

What can abnormal BCS cause with pregnancy?

A

Too fat - dystocia
Too thin - puts health/ewe/lamb at risk
Unable to cope with sudden demands of lactation after lambing

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18
Q

What is it important to determine when feeding pregnant ewes?

A

Number of foetuses - essential for proper management, essential for proper feeding of ewe
Separate groups depending on number of foetuses

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19
Q

What are seven basic considerations when feeding pregnant ewes?

A

Too much concentrate causing acidosis
VFI/DMI/appetite of sheep is limited - may not be able to eat all the food it is offered
VFI particularly reduced around lambing
How much is actually being fed - can calculate but not sure how much is actually being eaten
Feed must be fresh and palatable
Need to monitor BCS closely to ensure you’ve got things right
After lambing keep feeding appropriate for lamb number/milk production

20
Q

Describe pregnancy toxaemia/twinlamb disease in sheep

A 
Excessive energy demand from foetus
Causes severe negative energy balance in ewes
Late pregnancy or on point of lambing
Recumbent
Neurological signs
Twins or triplets
Often some stress
Life threatening exmergency
Prognosis very poor
Need to reduce energy demand
Induce abortion
Need to get energy source into ewe - i/v glucose, oral propylene glycol, oral electrolye carbohydrate source
21
Q

Describe pregnancy toxaemia in cattle

A 
Much less common than in sheep
Recumbent cow
Usually late lactation
Twins
Usually suckler cow
Low BCS
Not getting enough supplementary feed
Often stress factor involved
22
Q

What should the BCS of calving cattle be? Post-calving drop?

A

Around 3.0 in calving

Post calving drop no more than 0.5 BCS

23
Q

What BCS should we ensure that a cow is dried off at?

A

Same as calving - 3.0 BCS

24
Q

What should we avoid in the dry period?

A

Weight loss

25
Q

Describe Fat Cow Syndrome

A

Around calving normal tendency for fat mobilisation
Hormonal influences
Increase in Free Fatty Acids in blood is normal
Fat processed by liver
Increase in fat level in liver is normal around calving
Excessive fat deposition is fatty liver syndrome
If very severe is called fat cow syndrome

26
Q

What can fatty liver syndrome cause?

A 
Immunosuppression
Retained foetal membranes
Endometritis
Infertility
Ketosis
Mastitis
27
Q

What occurs with fat cow syndrome?

A

Life threatening
Cow recumbent
Inappetance
Poor prognosis

28
Q

What five risk factors make fat cow syndrome morelikely to occur?

A

Fat dry cow - cows with high BCS at calving, must be dried off at proper BCS
Never put dry cows on low energy diet to lose weight - start mobilising excessive fat
Fat cows at calving have a much lower appetite - mobilize more fat, encourage to eat more
Dry cows undergoing a sudden change of diet at calving
Cows which lose excessive weight in post partumperiod

29
Q

When should a transition diet be introduced?

A

2 weeks before calving

30
Q

What are the three types of protein in a cows diet?

A

Rumen degradable protein
Rumen undegradable protein
Bypass protein

31
Q

What are high sources of protein in a diet?

A

Protein meals - soyabean, cotton seed
Fish meal
NPN

32
Q

What are sources of moderate protein in the diet?

A

Alfalfa/legume hays

33
Q

What are sources of low protein in the diet?

A

Grass hay
Cereals
Straw

34
Q

Why do we do pregnancy diagnosis?

A

Detect non-pregnancy - need further intervention to get pregnant or cull

35
Q

What do we need to know for proper management of pregnant animals?

A

Stage of pregnancy - accurate time for drying off cattle, date of parturition
Number of foetuses - accurate feeding of sheep

36
Q

What are the four methods for pregnancy detection?

A

Non return to oestrus - polyoestrus species
Measurement of hormones and other substances
Detection of gravid uterus - manual palpation, ultrasonography, radiography
Identification of changes in gross and microscopic structure of the genital system related to pregnancy

37
Q

Describe early pregnancy in cow

A

After a proper service
90% have fertilised oocyte
From 13 days Interferon Tau is produced by embryo
Prevents luteolysis of Corpus Luteum and so prevents return to heat

38
Q

How can pregnancy be diagnosed in the cow?

A

Non return to oestrus after service - 18-24 days
B-mode real time Ultrasonography - 30 days
Progesterone in plasma and milk - 21-24 days
Membrane slip - palpation of chorioallantois from 33 days
Disparity in horn size - unilateral cornual enlargement with fluctuation, thin uterine wall from 35 days
Palpation of foetus 45-60 days
Presence of placentomes from 80 days
Hypertrophy of middle uterine artery from 85 days - broad ligament with fremitus, turbulence of blood flow in artery, don’t confuse pulse with some of the arteries
Oestrone sulphate in milk and plasma from 105 days, better at 120 days
Palpation of foetus at 120 days

39
Q

Describe progesterone analysis

A

Milk or plasma
Milk has higher concentrations so better discriminator
ELISA
Test for non-pregnancy

40
Q

Why could you get a false positive PD with milk progesterone?

A 
Luteinised cyst
Persistence of CL
Error in ID/labelling
Shorter than normal oestrus cycle
Incorrect timing of AI
Inadequate mixing of sample
Embryo mortality
41
Q

Describe ultrasound

A 
Transrectal
7.5 MHz and later 5 MHz head
Favourable lighting
Moderately expensive equipment
Care with machine
Biosecurity
42
Q

What is ultrasound not?

A

Substitute for proper manual palpation skills

Foolproof way of being 100% accurate with PD

43
Q

How can a ewe be pregnancy diagnosed?

A

Non-return to oestrus - 16-19 days after service
Plasma progesterone assay - 15-18 days after service
Transabdominal B mode ultrasonography as early as 30 days
Doppler ultrasound transabdominally from 50 days
Vaginal biopsy
Palpation of caudal uterine artery from 60 days
Radiography

44
Q

How can a goat be pregnancy diagnosed?

A

Failure to return to oestrus around 21 days after service
Milk or plasma progesterone 21 days
Oestrone sulphate in plasma or milk from 50 days
Transabdominal B mode ultrasonography from 30 days
Abdominal palpation from 60-70 days

45
Q

How can a sow be pregnancy diagnosed?

A

Non return to oestrus 18-22 days after service
Plasma progesterone assay 16-24 days after service
Transrectal B mode ultrasonography from 12 days
Oestrone sulphate in plasma 24-28days
Vaginal biopsy 18-22 days after service
Rectal palpation from 30 days
Transabdominal B mode ultrasonography from 24 days
A-mode transabdominal ultrasonography from 30 days
Transrectal doppler ultrasonography from 25days

Reproduction (14 decks)

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