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Violence Risk Assessment Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five elements to consider in a violence risk assessment?

A

1) Context
2) Purpose
3) Approach
4) Population
5) Parameters

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2
Q

PCL-R’s 4 factors..which are most associated with violence recidivism?

A

1) Interpersonal
2) Affective
3) Lifestyle
4) Antisocial

Affective and antisocial are most associated with violence recidivism

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3
Q

What are the four concerns regarding an expert’s testimony as evidence of violence risk?

A

The general concern is called “fit” which consists of:
1) the relevance of group data being reflective of one individual
2) How much a sample varies from the case at hand
3) If the expert has considered the likely dispositional outcome for the evaluee
4) Whether the expert and law are using the same outcome measure

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4
Q

What’s the most well known study of violence risk assessment?

A

MacArthur Violence Risk Assessment Study

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5
Q

Which four domains did the MacArthur study focus on?

A

1) Personal
2) Context
3) Clinical
4) Historical

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6
Q

Name three general violence actuarial screening tools

A

1) Dynamic Appraisal of Situational Aggression-Inpatient Version (DASA-IV)
2) Domestic Violence Screening Instrument (DVSI)
3) Juvenile Sexual Offense Recidivism Risk Assessment Tool-II (JSORRAT-II)

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7
Q

What does COVR stand for and what’s it used for?

A

Classification of Violence Risk. Empirical actuarial measure. Used in VRA of people with acute psych issues to estimate risk over first several months of after discharge from a MH facility.

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8
Q

In the COVAR what should the examiner do if an evaluee’s response is inconsistent with the data?

A

Confront about discrepancy. If the response is satisfactory, record it and move on. If not, enter “missing” rather than the self-report or clinical judgment. This method is how the measure was normed.

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9
Q

What is the least amount of classification tree models that the COVR can reliably provide an estimate with?

A

5 out of 10

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10
Q

Describe the Static-99R (what kind of offender)?

A

Empirical actuarial measure. For use with adult male sex offenders 18 years+ who have offended against minors or non-consenting adults. May be used with those in a MH commitment and first time sex offenders.

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11
Q

Who is the Static-99R not recommended for?

A

Females and minors or adults whose sex offenses are prostitution-related (pimping, sex in public with consenting adult) or possession of child porn/indecent materials. It should also not be used for sex offenses involving sex between same aged peers, such as between those who are close in age but the victim does not meet the legal age of consent (statutory rape).

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12
Q

What is the difference between actuarial guides and other traditional actuarial measures?

A

1) Do not provide experience tables and percentile norms.

2) advise against the modification of the score based on clinical judgment

3) exclude dynamic items.

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13
Q

Name four actuarial guides

A

1) Violence Risk Appraisal Guide (VRAG)
2) Sexual Offense Risk Appraisal Guide (SORAG)
3) Violence Risk Appraisal Guide-Revised (VRAG-R)
4) Ontario Domestic Assault Risk Assessment (ODARA)

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14
Q

Describe the VRAG

A

Used for violence recidivism for MEN charged with criminal violence. It is also meant for MENTALLY disordered and normal male offenders convicted of violent offenses. Examiners should have training in the PCL-R. The outcome variable is “any new criminal charge for criminal offense.”

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15
Q

Describe the SORAG

A

To assess men who’ve been institutionalized for contact sex offenses against minors and sexual assaults against women.

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16
Q

Why was the SORAG created?

A

Sex offenders’ rates of violence were higher than expected based on VRAG scores, implying a need for separate norms. Personal variables associated with recidivism among sex offenders were different from those of violent offenders without histories of sex offenses.

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17
Q

Describe the VRAG-R

A

Can be used for violent or sex offenders and does not require scoring the entire PCL-R, just the antisocial facet (#4). It is based on follow-up longitudinal research of 49 years.

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18
Q

Describe the ODARA

A

Risk of violent recidivism against a female domestic partner among men with a police record of such violence. May be scored with up to 5 missing items but with loss of predictive accuracy. It hasn’t been validated without criminal data.

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19
Q

Describe the Level of Service (LS) instruments.

A

They’re rational actuarial measures, based on risk/needs components. They sought to:
1) improve standardization and transparency
2) make info matter of record
3) develop prof capacities to assess risk
4) include dynamic risk factors.

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20
Q

What are the 3 major components of LS content?

A

1) Opinions of correctional and forensic prof
2) Broad and flexible theoretical perspectives on human behavior
3) Research literature on the prediction of criminal behavior and crime prevention

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21
Q

What population are the LS instruments intended for?

A

Probationers and parolees and there is a youth version for 12-17 years of age

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22
Q

What is the LSI-R? Describe it.

A

Level of Service Inventory-Revised - uses indicators of risk/need across 10 subcomponents

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23
Q

What is the LS-CMI? Describe it. What unique element does it include?

A

Level of Service-Case Mgmt Inventory. General risk/need score and assesses progress through case closure. It includes the concept of offender strength.

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24
Q

What is the LS/RNR? Describe it.

A

Level of Service/Risk-Need-Responsivity. It is an intermediate version of the LS-R and LS-CMI. It does not include a case management element. More appropriate for agencies whose services already include case mgmt.

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25
Q

What is the LS-R: SV? Describe it.

A

Level of Service-Revised: Screening Version. Designed for agencies with very large # of cases. Moderate and high risk undergo full LS instrument.

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26
Q

What is the YLS/CMI? Describe it.

A

Youth Level of Service/Case Mgmt Inventory. For youth offenders 12-18 yoa who engage in violent offending and who are undergoing pre-trial diversion, detention, or disposition/sentencing.

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27
Q

Name two Treatment and Change Oriented Risk Assessment Tools

A

1) Violence Risk Scale (VRS)
2) Violence Risk Scale - Sex Offense Version (VRS-SO)

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28
Q

How do the VRS and VRS-SO function?

A

Use the RNR model to identify:
1) “who” to treat (low, medium, high risk)
2) “what” to treat (criminogenic needs)
3) “how” to treat them (method of delivering effective tx)

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29
Q

The VRS and VRS-SO use a modified version of the…?

A

Transtheoretical model of change: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance

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30
Q

What are four SPJ screeners?

A

1) Violence Risk Screening-10 (V-RISK-10)
2) Guidelines for Stalking Assessment and Mgmt (SAM)
3) Stalking Risk Profile (SRP)
4) Assessment of Risk for Honour-Based Violence (PATRIARCH)

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31
Q

Describe the three general steps of all SPJs

A

1) Identifying facts
2) Making meaning
3) Taking action

32
Q

What are the steps within each of the general steps of SPJs

A

1) Identifying facts - a) gather/document info and b) rate the presence of risk factors

2) Making meaning - a) individual relevance of operationally defined violence risk factors and b) develop a formulation of violence risk

3) Taking action - a) specify risk mgmt plan and b) estimate degree of risk for violence generally, serious violence, and imminent violence

33
Q

What is the HCR–20 V3? Describe it.

A

Historical-Clinical-Risk Management - 20 Version 3 is a SPJ
-Includes physical and psychological harm…can include acts like kidnapping, stalking, extorsion, threats

34
Q

In the HCR-20, if property is damaged, is that considered violence?

A

If it reasonably causes fear of harm in a person OR could reasonably harm a person

35
Q

In the HCR-20, does harming animals constitute violence?

A

if it reasonably causes fear of harm in a person (ex, harming an animal while looking at a person and saying “this is what I’ll do to you”)

36
Q

Describe the three scales of the HCR-20

A

1) 10 Historical factors covering the lifespan
2) 5 Clinical factors in the past 6-12 months
3) 5 Risk Mgmt factors in the next 6-12 months

37
Q

What’s the HCR-20’s target population?

A

men and women 18+, if there’s a clinical or legal reason to estimate a person’s risk, most common application is pre-trial decisions and institutional planning

38
Q

Implications of having a mental illness and history of violence and using the HCR-20

A

It is not necessary that the evaluee have a mental illness nor a history of violence

39
Q

Which population is the HCR-20 not intended for?

A

Children but it’s flexible depending on maturity….can use the SAVRY instead if less mature and dependent, 19 year old

40
Q

HCR-20’s definition of violence captures:

A

1) borad meaning for various contexts
2) Short- and long-term forms of violence
3) Attempted violence, not just completed
4) Must have some degree of intentionality

41
Q

What is the J-SOAP-II? Describe it.

A

Juvenile-Sex Offender Assessment Protocol-II is an SPJ tool. It is a checklist for review of risk factors associated with sexual and criminal offending.

42
Q

For what age is the J-SOAP-II?

A

For ages 12-18 who have been adjudicated for sexual offenses and non-adjudicated youths with a history of sexually coercive behavior.

43
Q

What are two factors typically associated with sex offending in youths who have committed sexual offenses?

A

1) sexual preoccupation
2) atypical sexual interest and behaviors

44
Q

What is the most appropriate measure to use with the J-SOAP-II if you needed to track changes in critical treatment needs?

A

The Treatment and Needs Progress Report (TNPR)

45
Q

What is the timeline the TNPR tracks?

A

From baseline through subsequent therapy sessions and readinees for discharge.

46
Q

Describe the purposes of guidelines in SPJ measures

A

They are statements that suggest or recommend specific professional behavior or conduct

47
Q

Name three SPJ guidelines used in sexual violence risk assessment.

A

1) Sexual Violence Risk-20 (versions 1 and 2)
2) Risk for Sexual Violence Protocol (RSVP)

48
Q

What is sexual violence according to the SVR-20 and RSVP?

A

Actual, attempted, or threatened sexual contact with a nonconsenting person

49
Q

In what two ways do the SVR-20 and RSVP differ from other “guidelines?”

A

1) reflect the opinions and recommendations of the authors rather than agency policy
2) not practice standards - not binding and don’t restrict practice of any prof group

50
Q

The SVR-20 and RSVP intent to….?

A

1) Evaluate potential for future sexual violence in respect to NFL-SID
2) Identify feasible and effective means of mitigating the risks

51
Q

Three types of conduct merit closer attention and constitute violence in the SVR-20 and RSVP:

A

1) Production of pornography that depicts sexual violence
2) When involved in human trafficking and/or pimping and evaluee was a party to committing sexual violence when procuring victims or the is enough reason to believe that evaluee knew about sexual violence occurring to victims
3) using duress to force victims to have sexual contact

52
Q

Which populations are the SVR-20 and RSVP for?

A

men and women 18+, raised or residing in economically developed countries, regardless of sexual orientation and history of physical or mental health problems

53
Q

For which age group are the SVR-20 and RSPV not intended?

A

Children and adolescents 15 and younger

54
Q

What is the START? What is its adolescent version? Describe it.

A

Short Term Assessment of Risk and Treatment. Guide for the dynamic assessment of risks and treatability in adults with mental illness and/or criminal justice needs. Most widely adopted and researched inpatient risk assessment and treatment planning tool. The adolescent version is the START: AV.

55
Q

In which settings can the START be used?

A

Inpatient and community

56
Q

What is the SARA-V3? Describe it?

A

Spousal Assault Risk Assessment-Version 3. Intended to prevent violence - the assessment of risk and its management - it is NOT meant to predict violence.

57
Q

What is the definition of IPV as per the SARA-V3?

A

Any actual, attempted, or threatened physical harm, perpetrated by a man or woman against someone with who he/she has, or has had, an intimate, sexual relationship.

58
Q

Does the SARA-V3 have validity in assessing younger populations?

A

Some with 15-18 but evaluators are cautioned.

59
Q

What must an evaluee have to undergo the SARA-V3? What type of acts will the SARA-V3 assess once confirmed?

A

Known or suspected history of IPV. The most common type of IPV: threats, physical assault, sexual assault.

60
Q

What are other tools the SARA-V3 should be combined with if appropriate?

A

Depends on what the issues is. For example, if issue is:
1) History of IPV in context of additional violence outside of the intimate setting, the HCR-20.
2) Related to paraphilic disorders, use the RSVP
3) Related to group action, including members of the same family or cultural community, use the PATRIARCH.
4) Related to targeting a victim long after dissolution of relationship, or proxy perpetrators, use the SAM

61
Q

What is the SAPROF? Describe it.

A

Structured Assessment of Protective Factors for Violence Risk. It is a checklist and the only SPJ that focuses on protective factors.

62
Q

How is the SAPROF organized?

A

In three scales: internal, motivational, and external factors.

63
Q

What is the SAVRY? Describe it.

A

Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth. For ages 12-18. Specifically designed to assess violence risk but studies have also found it useful in estimating general criminal or delinquent recidivism.

64
Q

How many factors does the SAVRY have and how many categories are they clustered into?

A

30 total factors…..6 protective and 24 risk.
Three categories: Historical, Individual, and Social/Contextual

65
Q

What are two SPJ measures used for assessing risk for violence in children?

A

Early Assessment Risk List for Boys (EARL-20B) and Girls (21G).

66
Q

Describe both EARL tools.

A

For ages 6-12. Scores divided into three categories: Family, Child, Responsivity.

67
Q

Why is assessing violence risk in young children (6-12) important? What three-stage model of mental health and crime prevention do the EARLs use?

A

Because first age of offense is a consistently one of the strongest and most robust predictors of reoffending.
Three stages:
1) Centralized community referral protocols
2) SPJ clinical risk assessment
3) Stop Now and Plan (SNAP)

68
Q

Name a clinical rating scale for males and females under community supervision

A

Dynamic Risk Assessment for Offender Re-Entry (DRAOR)

69
Q

What is the DRAOR’s purpose?

A

Assessment and management of general and violent recidivism in men and women

70
Q

What are some self-report tools to measure psychopathy?

A

Psychopathic personality inventory (adds incremental validity to PCL-R but not vice versa, due to impulsivity/antisocial variables), Levenson’s Self-Report Psychopathy; Child Behavior Checklist, and Youth Self-Report

71
Q

Landmark cases in acceptability of expert witness evidence

A

1) Permit a reasonable opinion to be asserted (Dyas v US)
2) Generally accepted (Frye v US)
3) Subject to a verification process (Daubert v Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals)

72
Q

Finding in Barefoot v Estelle

A

1) expert testimony about future criminal acts in a capital sentencing does not violate the 8th amendment
2) predicting violence does not have to be based on personal observation or an interview of the defendant

73
Q

What is a ROC analysis and its corresponding AUC?

A

Receiver Operating Characteristics and the outcome is measured by the area under the curve. The closer to 1 the better (if .5 it’s like a coin toss).

74
Q

How does a ROC analysis classify outcomes?

A

In terms of positives and negatives. True and false positives and true and false negatives.

75
Q

The PCL is a better predictor of violence in the _______ than in ______.

A

Community than in prison.

76
Q

What was the term most often used to describe a violence risk assessment before the 1990s?

A

Dangerousness

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