Vini,Viti, Grape Flashcards
Where the first wines produced
Neolithic Era between 5000 to 7000 B.C
Where did Viti Vinifera originate from?
Mesopotamia - The Fertile Crescent between the Tigris & Euphrates River
Who was the Egyptian deity whom the Egyptians believed was responsible for wine and harvest?
Osiris
Who was the Greek God of wine whom was believed to be responsible for the conversion of grape juice into wine?
Dionysus
Who was the Roman God of wine, whom they believed was responsible for wine and that divine intervention caused its production?
Bacchus
What invention was created in the 1600’s as a new innovation for wine storage?
Key Hint: Produced from a Oak Tree
Cork
Who was the French Physician who work was concerned with how grape Vines should be grown, pruned, trellised, and cares for?
Key Hint: A Cane Training System named after him
Dr. Jules Guyot
Who was the French Chemist who with the new invention the “microscope” in 1857 proved that microscopic yeast cells were actually responsible for Fermentation?
Dr. Louis Pastuer
What is the grape native to the region stretching from New England to the Mississippi River Valley and was used in an experiment in the early 1860’s France that carried the insect phylloxera?
Vitis Labrusca
What is name of the microscopic insect related to the aphid that feeds on the roots and leaves of grape vines
Key Hint: Almost whipped out french Vineyards when it landed there
Phylloxera
What is it called to splice one grape species (say, vinifera) onto another species (say, rupestris)?
Grafting
What do you call a rootstock that was created to help Vines survive and fight diseases?
Resistant Rootstock
Texas horticulturalist who created (developed) a rootstock that was resistant to phylloxera?
Thomas Munson
What is the French Term for Old Vines
Vielle Vignes
What is the name of the Englishman who conducted the Spurrier Tasting
Steven Spurrier
What is the name of the famous informal wine tasting in which California wines beat French Wines? This tasting put California on the map world wide
Judgement in Paris (Spurrier Tasting)
What was the 18th Amendment to the U.S Constitution, known as the Volstead Act, made the “manufacture,sale, and transportation of intoxicating Liqour” a formal crime?
Prohibition
What is the name of the Ancient place known as the “Land of Wine” due to the Vines thriving wherever they were planted?
Enotria - Greek Name for Italy
What were the Ancient Greek tall and large pottery vessels used to store liquids, including wine?
Amphorae
What do call agriculture that was applied to vitis vinifera as early cultures began to plant seeds in Vineyards outside of the plant’s native Homeland?
Fact: Once this happens growers gain control over the plant by dictating which seeds or plants are planted in a given vineyard
Domestication
What balances out the inherent sweetness of vinifera juice and the reasons that wines is such a good match food?
Fact: The 3 types found in wine grapes?
- Tartaric
- Citric
- Malic
Acid
What is the basic building block needed for alcoholic Fermentation?
Fact:
The more a liquid contains of this the more ethanol is produced
With this, it can produce alcohol as high as 17% alcohol by volume
Sugar
What is the product of Fermentation that delegate grape juice from wine?
Fact:
It is the alcohol found in all alcoholic beverages, from beer to vodka
This is what causes alcoholic beverages to have intoxicatingly effects
Plays a major role in the flavor profile and characteristics of wine
Ethanol
What is the name of the scientific Yeast used to conduct alcoholic Fermentation?
Fact:
This is also known as budding yeast brewer’s yeast, or bakers yeast
Also this yeast is used to make dough rise when baking bread
S. Cerevisiae (Saccharomyes Cerevisiae)
Fruit Juice + Fermentation = Wine
Barley and water + Fermentation = Beer
Rice and Water + Fermentation = Sakè
These are all examples of?
Fermentation styles of Alcohol
Two fermented sugars produced from Grapes
Fructose and Glucose
What is the process in which humans can only create alcohol for consumption?
The equation:
Sugar + Yeast = Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide + Heat
Fact:
When yeast comes in contact with sugar, it consumes the sugar molecules, breaking them down into two major waste products, “Ethanol & Carbon Dioxide.” The process also produces heat due to the yeasts metabolic activity.
Alcoholic Fermentation
What is a fermented beverage that’s is produced from the juice of any fruit usually grapes?
Wine
Are grapes the only fruit that can produce wine?
No any fruit that can produce sugar can make wine
Example: Apples (cider), pears, plums and berries
Single - Celled microorganism used to convert sugar to alcohol and carbon dioxide during fermentation
Yeast
What is the gas that goes with Alcohol and is a by product of Fermentation?
Fact:
Sometimes a small amount of this remaining in a wine can make it slightly “Spritzy”
If fermentation occurs in a closed vessel, such as a bottle, this gas becomes trapped in the wine and will ultimately form bubbles.
Carbon Dioxide
Chardonnay, Riesling, Pinot Noir, Cabernet Sauvignon and so on are all examples of what?
Fact
Each one of these had a unique flavor distinct from the other
Varietal
What is the advantage of cross-pollutions, genetic mutations, etc over the course of hundreds and sometimes thousands of years, that causes certain traits within wine grapes to be further developed?
Fact
These traits make the wine grape superior to any other fruit for wine production
Selective Breeding
What is the A Phenol (a kind of compound) derived from the skins, seeds and stems of grapes and from Barrels?
Fact:
The presence of this is beneficial for it gives red wines a firm structure as well as the potential for aging
Tannins
What is another term for complexity of flavor?
Fact:
Wine grapes have many flavors, from apples, pears, lemons, limes, grapefruit, tropical fruit, berries, dried fruit, artificial fruit and more
The one flavor rarely found in wine made from wine grapes, is grapes
Biochemical Complexity
What is The agricultural decisions made while the grapes were growing and the specific environment where those grapes were grown?
Viticulture (Terrior)
What is the winemaking practices and procedures to produce the wine?
Viniculture
When does the annual life cycle of a vine began
Budbreak
What are the small green clusters that form from the shoots that develop in the early spring
Embryo Bunches
Successfully pollinated embryo bunches grow into true grape clusters called
Only 30% of the true grape clusters will make it to this point in the grape growing process
Fruit Set
The process of the grapes softening and changing colors turning from green to red-black or yellow-green is known as
This process also when the grapes began to truly ripen as sugars are removed form the lead system to the fruit
Vèraison
What is vendange
French for harvest
What grapes are harvested first, white or red
White unless they are being used for dessert or ice wine
Vines prefer a annual level temperature of
50 degrees to 68 degrees F
To successfully ripen red grapes what must the average summer temperature be
70 degrees
To successfully ripen white grapes what must the average temperature be
66 degrees
What is the minimum amount of sunshine required for a vine to successfully grow
1,300 hours
What is macro climate
Regional climate
What is mesoclimate
The climate of a particular vineyard
What is microclimate
Refers to the climate in and around a vine canopy, the restricted space including all parts of the vine above the ground
Grapes made for winemaking do better on low fertile soil of rich soils
Low fertile soils - vines should always struggle to produce good fruit
Most of worlds vines are grafted to what type of rootstock and why?
American because American rootstocks from the Native American grapevine species Vitis Riparia that is resistant to Phylloxera
After grafting and planting how long does it take for the vine to produce grapes suitable for harvest
3 years
What is the name of the training system where there is one permanent cane that extends from the trunk, called arms. It grows thick and gnarled over time and fruit bearing shoots will emerge from it each season
Cordon trained
What is the name of the training system that has no permanent cordon and the trunk ends in a knob or head. This system typically doesn’t need a trellis support system. This system usually supported by a stake or nothing at all
Head trained
Head trained Vines are spur pruned or cane pruned
They actually are both
Cordon trained Vines are spur pruned or cane pruned
Spur pruned
One of the most basic forms of cane pruning / head training is
Guyot System
What system requires a vertical trellis on which the canes can be suspended and has one spur and one main two year old cane
The guyot system
What system is an ancient technique common in southern Rhone and southern Italy, where the Vines often unsupported resembles this system, with each years fruiting canes extending from the spur pruned shortened arms atop the trunk. This system is called a bush system in Australia
Gobelet system
What is albarello
The Italian name for gobelet
What is en vaso
The Spanish name for gobelet
What system is one of the simplest spured-pruned / cordon trained systems? This system is the preferred training style for Pinot Noir in Champagne, and is similar to the Guyot system, with a single spur - pruned permenant cordon extending horizontally from the trunk, rather than a two year old cane
Cordon de Royat
What system maybe used for either cane pruned or spur pruned Vines. Also known as a tendone system where the Vines are trained upward and overhead along wooden frames or trees, enabling workers to pass underneath
Vertical Shoot Positioning
What is the Quercus
The scientific name for the oak used in the wine making process
What is Quercus Robur and Quercus Petranea
The scientific names of the French oak used in the winemaking process
What is Quercus Alba
The scientific name of the American White Oak used in winemaking
Warming - Chauffage
Shaping - Cintrage
Toasting - Bousinage
These are the steps to what process
Heating the oak to make the barrels
What is the most important and has the most effect in the barrel heating process
Toasting - Bousinage
What effect does toasting have on he wine
The heavier the toast of the barrel the more vanilla flavor the wine have
What is Colatura
Poor fruit set at flowering
What is Coulure
The dropping of flowers (grapes)
- occurs during the flowering phase, in the spring, wind and rain as well as chemical deficiencies can help keep grapevine flowers from being properly fertilized, causing these flowers to drop from the cluster
