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Physiology > VII - Sensory Physiology > Flashcards

VII - Sensory Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Provides information to the CNS about the state of the body and/or the immediate environment

A

Sensation

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2
Q

Specialized epithelial cells or neurons that transduce environmental signals into neural signals

A

Sensory Receptors

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3
Q

Change in membrane potential produced by the stimulus, triggers action potential trains

A

Generator/Receptor Potential

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4
Q

Specific sensations, specific receptors

A

Differential Sensitivity

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5
Q

Specific sensations, specific pathways

A

Labeled Line Principle

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6
Q

Change in a way a receptor responds to sequential or prolonged stimulation

A

Adaptation

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7
Q

Slowly-adapting, for continuous stimulus strength, detects steady stimulus

A

Tonic Receptors

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8
Q

Rapidly-adapting, for detecting change in stimulus strength, detects onset and offset of stimulus, predictive function

A

Phasic Receptors

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9
Q

Region of the skin where stimuli can change the firing rate of the sensory neurons

A

Receptive Field

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10
Q

Receptive Field: Smaller with well-defined borders

A

Type 1

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11
Q

Receptive Field: Wider with poorly-defined borders

A

Type 2

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12
Q

Free Nerve Endings: Location

A

skin

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13
Q

Free Nerve Endings: Sensation

A

touch, pressure, pain

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14
Q

Meissner’s Corpuscles (FA1): Location

A

non-hairy/glabrous skin. fingertips, lips

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15
Q

Meissner’s Corpuscles (FA1): Sensation

A

movement of objects, low-frequency vibration

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16
Q

Expanded tip tactile receptor, combine to form Iggo Dome Receptors

A

Merkel’s Disk (SA1)

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17
Q

Merkel’s Disk (SA1): Sensation

A

steady-state signals for continuous touch, localizing touch, texture

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18
Q

Hair-end Organ: Location

A

hair base

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19
Q

Hair-end Organ: Sensation

A

movement of object

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20
Q

Multi-branched, encapsulated, slowly-adapting receptors

A

Ruffini’s End Organs (SA2)

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21
Q

Ruffini’s End Organs (SA2): Location

A

deep skin, internal tissues, joint capsules

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22
Q

Ruffini’s End Organs (SA2): Sensation

A

heavy, prolonged touch (pressure), degree of joint rotation

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23
Q

Onion-like receptors

A

Pacinian Corpuscles (FA2)

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24
Q

Pacinian Corpuscles (FA2): Location

A

skin, deep fasia

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25
Q

Pacinian Corpuscles (FA2): Sensation

A

high-frequency vibration

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26
Q

Transduces stimulus to electrical signal

A

Sensory Receptors

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27
Q

Sensory Pathway: Dorsal root or cranial nerve ganglia

A

First-Order Neurons

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28
Q

Sensory Pathway: Spinal cord or brainstem

A

Second-Order Neurons

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29
Q

Sensory Pathway: Thalamus

A

Third-Order Neurons

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30
Q

Sensory Pathway: Sensory cortex

A

Fourth-Order Neurons

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31
Q

Sensory Pathway: First-Order Neurons

A

dorsal root or cranial nerve ganglia

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32
Q

Sensory Pathway: Second-Order Neurons

A

spinal cord or brainstem

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33
Q

Sensory Pathway: Third-Order Neurons

A

thalamus

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34
Q

Sensory Pathway: Fourth-Order Neurons

A

sensory cortex

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35
Q

Somatosensory Pathways: Large myelinated fibers (group II), conduction velocity 30-110 m/s

A

Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscus Pathway

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36
Q

Somatosensory Pathways: With temporal and spatial fidelity

A

Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscus Pathway

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37
Q

Somatosensory Pathways: Crosses near the medulla

A

Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscus Pathway

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38
Q

Somatosensory Pathways: Touch sensations requiring high degree of localization and fine gradiation of intensity

A

Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscus Pathway

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39
Q

Somatosensory Pathways: Vibration, movement, position sense, fine pressure, two-point discrimination

A

Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscus Pathway

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40
Q

Somatosensory Pathways: Smaller myelinated fibers (group III, IV), conduction velocity 8-40 m/s

A

Antero-Lateral System (Spinothalamic Tract)

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41
Q

Somatosensory Pathways: Less fidelity, less accurate gradiations

A

Antero-Lateral System (Spinothalamic Tract)

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42
Q

Somatosensory Pathways: Crosses immediately

A

Antero-Lateral System (Spinothalamic Tract)

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43
Q

Somatosensory Pathways: Pain, temperature, crude touch, pressure, tickle, itch, sexual sensation

A

Antero-Lateral System (Spinothalamic Tract)

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44
Q

Relay station for sensation except for olfaction

A

Thalamus

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45
Q

Thalamus: VPL Nuclei

A

Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscus

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46
Q

Thalamus: VPN Nuclei

A

TrigeminoThalamic Pathway

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47
Q

Thalamus: VPI Nuclei

A

Antero-Lateral System

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48
Q

Somatosensory Cortex: Largest areas for

A

fingers, hands, face - for precise localization

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49
Q

Associated with detection and perceptions of noxious stimuli

A

nociception

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50
Q

Pain: Receptors

A

free-nerve endings in skin, muscle and viscera

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51
Q

Pain: Adaptation

A

little to none

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52
Q

Pain: Neurotransmitters

A

glutamate, substance P

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53
Q

Types of Pain: After 0.1 s of stimulus

A

fast pain

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54
Q

Types of Pain: First, sharp, pricking, acute, alectric

A

fast pain

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55
Q

Types of Pain: Superficial

A

fast pain

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56
Q

Types of Pain: Mechanical and thermal stimuli

A

fast pain

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57
Q

Types of Pain: A-delta fibers (6-30 m/s)

A

fast pain

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58
Q

Types of Pain: Glutamate

A

fast pain

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59
Q

Types of Pain: After 1 s of stimulus

A

slow pain

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60
Q

Types of Pain: Second, slow, burning, aching, throbbing, nauseous, chronic

A

slow pain

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61
Q

Types of Pain: Tissue destruction

A

slow pain

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62
Q

Types of Pain: Mechanical, thermal and chemical stimuli

A

slow pain

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63
Q

Types of Pain: C fibers (0.5-2 m/s)

A

slow pain

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64
Q

Types of Pain: Substance P

A

slow pain

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65
Q

Due to sharing of 2nd order neurons in the spinal cord of visceral pain fibers and skin pain fibers

A

referred pain

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66
Q

Referred pain follows

A

dermatomes

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67
Q

Opioid-mediated Endogenous Analgesia

A

Enkephalin, Dynorphine, Beta-Endorphine

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68
Q

Non-Opioid-mediated Endogenous Analgesia

A

stress

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69
Q

Endogenous Analgesia: Neurotransmitters

A

Serotonin, Epinephrine, Norepinephrine

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70
Q

The Endogenous Analgesia System blocks the pain signal at its _____ in the _____.

A

initial point of entry, spinal cord

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71
Q

Stimulated tactile receptors can inhibit pain transmission in the spinal cord.

A

Lateral Inhibition - rubbing, liniments, acupuncture

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72
Q

Warmth Receptors

A

free nerve endings, C fibers

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73
Q

Cold Receptors

A

A-delta fibers, some C fibers

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74
Q

Temp for Pain Receptors

A

< 15°C or > 43°C

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75
Q

The eyes can interpret electromagnetic waves between

A

400-750 nm

76
Q

Eye: Outer Layer

A

fibrous

77
Q

Eye: Middle Layer

A

vascular

78
Q

Eye: Inner Layer

A

neural

79
Q

Ability to bend light

A

Refractive Power

80
Q

Refractive power is measured in

A

diopters

81
Q

Refractive Power: Eye

A

58 diopters

82
Q

Refractive Power: Cornea

A

40 diopters (2/3 of the eye)

83
Q

Refractive Power: Lens

A

1/3 of the eye, variable

84
Q

When ciliary muscles are relaxed, there is _____ tension from suspensory ligaments and the lens becomes _____.

A

increased tension, flat - for distant objects

85
Q

When ciliary muscles are contracted, there is _____ tension from suspensory ligaments and the lens becomes _____.

A

decreased tension, spherical - for nearby objects

86
Q

Automatic adjustment in the focal length of the lens to permit retinal focus of images at varying distances

A

accomodation

87
Q

Accomodation provides an additional __ diopters for the lens.

A

14 diopters

88
Q

Maintains the shape of the eye

A

intraocular fluid

89
Q

Watery intraocular fluid, produced by ciliary bodies, free-flowing, main determinant of IOP

A

aqueous humor

90
Q

Gelatinous intraocular fluid with little flow

A

vitreous humor

91
Q

Flow of Aqueous humor

A

ciliary body → posterior chamber → pupil → anterior chamber → trabecular meshwork → anterior chamber angle → canal of Schlemm → uveoscleral veins

92
Q

Light-sensitive portion of the eye which contains the photoreceptors

A

retina

93
Q

Light causes _____ of the photoreceptors.

A

hyperpolarization

94
Q

Retina: Area of central vision with slight thickening and pale color

A

macula lutea

95
Q

Retina: Depression in the macula with the highest visual resolution (highest cone density)

A

fovea

96
Q

Retina: Where image from fixation point is focused

A

fovea

97
Q

Retina: Lacks photoreceptors (anatomic blind spot)

A

optic disk

98
Q

Retina: Last part of the optic nerve

A

papilledema

99
Q

Retina: Absorbs stray light preventing light from scattering

A

pigment epithelium

100
Q

Degradation of pigment epithelium

A

Macular Degeneration

101
Q

Pigment epithelium lacks melanin in

A

Albinism

102
Q

Rods and cones are absent in the

A

optic disk

103
Q

Retina: Interneuron that connects rods and cones with ganglion cells

A

bipolar cells

104
Q

Retina: Contrast Detectors

A

bipolar cells

105
Q

Retina: Interneurons that form local circuits with bipolar cells

A

amacrine/horizontal cells

106
Q

Retina: Glial cells, maitains geometry of the retina

A

Mueller cells

107
Q

Retina: Output cells, initiates action potential, axons form optic nerve

A

ganglion cells

108
Q

Ganglion Cells of the Retina: Color, form, fine details

A

P cells

109
Q

Ganglion Cells of the Retina: Illumination, movement

A

M cells

110
Q

Ganglion Cells of the Retina: Uknown function

A

W cells

111
Q

Photoreceptors: Night

A

rods

112
Q

Photoreceptors: Narrower, longer

A

rods

113
Q

Photoreceptors: 1 type of photopigment - Rhodopsin

A

rods

114
Q

Photoreceptors: Greater amount of photopigment, better signal amplification, more numerous

A

rods

115
Q

Photoreceptors: 30-300x more sensitive

A

rods

116
Q

Photoreceptors: Adapts 4x slower but can last for minutes to hours

A

rods

117
Q

Photoreceptors: Lower visual acuity

A

rods

118
Q

Photoreceptors: Not present in the fovea

A

rods

119
Q

Photoreceptors: Daylight

A

cones

120
Q

Photoreceptors: Wider, shorter

A

cones

121
Q

Photoreceptors: Contains 3 photochemicals (blue, red green)

A

cones

122
Q

Photoreceptors: Less amount of photopigment, less signal amplification, fewer in number

A

cones

123
Q

Photoreceptors: Adapts 4x faster but only lasts for a few seconds

A

cones

124
Q

Photoreceptors: Higher visual acuity

A

cones

125
Q

Photoreceptors: Abundant in the fovea

A

cones

126
Q

Light rays converge in front of the retina (long eyeball)

A

myopia - biconcave lenses

127
Q

Light rays converge behind the retina (short eyeball)

A

hyperopia - convex lenses

128
Q

Irregular curvature of the cornea

A

astigmatism - cylindrical lenses

129
Q

Age-related loss of accomodatin

A

presbyopia - convex lenses

130
Q

First sign of vitamin A deficiency

A

nyctalopia

131
Q

Ptosis, meiosis, anhydrosis

A

Horner’s Syndrome

132
Q

Produced by compression and decompression waves transmitted in air or other elastic media such as water

A

Sound

133
Q

Sound: Speed

A

335 m/s in air

134
Q

Sound: Frequency

A

Hertz (Hz) - pitch

135
Q

Sound: Pressure

A

Decibel (dB) - volume

136
Q

Unwanted sound

A

Noise

137
Q

The human ear can detect _____ cycles per second but this also depends on loudness.

A

20-20,000 cycles per second

138
Q

___-frequency sounds are more damaging to the Organ of Corti.

A

Low-frequency

139
Q

Each unit increase in decibels is ___ louder

A

1.26 x

140
Q

The higher the loudness, the _____ the frequency that we can hear.

A

higher

141
Q

Age-related progressive sensorineural hearing loss

A

presbycusis

142
Q

Occupational hearing loss occurs after > 10 years of exposure to ___ dB.

A

> 85 dB

143
Q

What sound pressure will cause pain and possible permanent damage?

A

> 120 dB

144
Q

External structure that allows sound localization and colection

A

pinna

145
Q

Outer Ear

A

pinna, external acoustic meatus/auditory canal

146
Q

The auditory ossicles add ___ dB.

A

+30-40 dB

147
Q

Auditory Ossicles

A

malleus, incus, stapes

148
Q

he stapes inserts into to ___ window.

A

oval window

149
Q

Middle Ear

A

tympanic membrane, auditory ossicles

150
Q

The middle ear converts low pressure, high displacement vibrations in the air into high pressure, low displacement vibrations suitable for driving cochlear fluids.

A

Impedance Matching

151
Q

Inner Ear: Bony Labyrinth

A

semicircular canals, cochlea, vestibule

152
Q

The cochlea subtracts ___ dB.

A

-30-40 dB

153
Q

Inner Ear: Series of ducts

A

membranous labyrinth

154
Q

Inner Ear: Scala media, high in __

A

endolymph (ICF), K

155
Q

Inner Ear: Scala vestibuli and scala tympani, high in __

A

perilymph (ECF), Na

156
Q

Two muscles found in the ear

A

tensor tympani - malleus, stapedius - stapes

157
Q

Cennection between the outer & middle ear

A

Eustachian Tube - equalizes pressure differences

158
Q

The base of the cochlea detects ___ frequencies.

A

higher

159
Q

The apex of the cochlea detects ___ frequencies.

A

lower

160
Q

Protects the cochlea from loud (damaging) sounds, masks background noise

A

Attenuation Reflex

161
Q

Frequency analyzer, distributes stimulus along the Organ of Corti according to frequency

A

basilar membrane

162
Q

Vestibular Apparatus: Utricle & Saccule

A

Otolith Organs

163
Q

Vestibular Apparatus: Uses macula as its sensory organ, has stataconia and hair cells

A

Otolith Organs

164
Q

Vestibular Apparatus: Detects head orientation with respect to gravity

A

Otolith Organs

165
Q

Vestibular Apparatus: For linear acceleration and sometime angular acceleration

A

Otolith Organs

166
Q

Vestibular Apparatus: Anterior, Posterior & Lateral canals

A

Semicircular Canals

167
Q

Vestibular Apparatus: Uses crista ampullaris with cupula and hair cells

A

Semicircular Canals

168
Q

Vestibular Apparatus: Detects changes in the rate and direction of rotation of the head

A

Semicircular Canals

169
Q

Vestibular Apparatus: For angular acceleration alone, also has a predictive function in the maintenance of equilibrium

A

Semicircular Canals

170
Q

Contributors to Taste

A

taste buds, smell, texture, pain receptors (pepper)

171
Q

The tongue has _____ chemoreceptor cells.

A

50-150 taste buds

172
Q

Taste buds last for __ days, are _____ replenished and are ___ neurons.

A

10 days, continuouslt replenished, not true neurons

173
Q

Taste: Caused by various organic chemicals like sugars (mainly sucrose), glycols and amides

A

sweet

174
Q

Taste: Caused by ionized salts (mainly Na)

A

salty

175
Q

Taste: Caused by acids like HCl (directly proportional to amount)

A

sour

176
Q

Taste: Proteinaceous meaty flavor from MSG (glutamate)

A

umami

177
Q

Taste: Caused by organic substances like quinine (alkaloid) and long-chain nitrogen containing organic substances

A

bitter

178
Q

Taste: Most important for survival, most sensitive

A

bitter

179
Q

Detection of the presence of odors

A

smell

180
Q

The nose has ___ olfactory chemoreceptors.

A

10 million

181
Q

Olfactory chemoreceptors last __ days, are _____ replaced and are ___ neurons.

A

60 days, continuously replaced, true neurons

182
Q

Olfactory chemoreceptors use _____ fibers.

A

unmyelinated C fibers

183
Q

At the superior part of the nostrils, also innervated by CN V to detect noxious/painful stimuli (ammonia)

A

olfactory membrane

184
Q

Olfaction is at the level of the ___.

A

CNS

185
Q

Olfaction adaptation happens _____ but be almost _____ when done.

A

slowly, complete

Physiology (8 decks)

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