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Physiology > V - Special Topics > Flashcards

V - Special Topics Flashcards

1
Q

Regulation of body temperature is mediated by the

A

hypothalamus

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2
Q

Detected T in the _____ is compared with the _____ T in the hypothalamus.

A

Skin - detected T, hypothalamus - set-point T

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3
Q

Mechanisms activated when detected T is < set-point T

A

Heat Generating

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4
Q

Mechanisms activated when detected T is > set-point T

A

Heat Loss

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5
Q

Temperature Regulation: Shivering, thyroid hormone production, piloerection, skin vasoconstriction (alpha-1), brown fat in babies (beta-3)

A

Heat Generating

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6
Q

Temperature Regulation: Sweating, skin vasodilation

A

Heat Loss

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7
Q

Temperature Regulation: Insulator

A

Fat

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8
Q

Temperature Regulation: Radiator System

A

Skin: cold - vasoconstriction, hot - vasodilation

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9
Q

Most of the body heat is lost in what way?

A

radiation > evaporation > conduction to air > conduction to objects

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10
Q

Pathophysiology of Fever

A

pyrogens → increased IL-1 (α & β), IL-6 → increased prostaglandins (PG-E2) → increased set-point T in the hypotalamus

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11
Q

Excessive sweating causing fainting

A

Heat Exhaustion

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12
Q

HIgh T causing tissue damage and impaired responses

A

Heat Stroke

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13
Q

High T secondary to use of succinylcholine and halothane

A

Malignant Hyperthermia - defective Ca channels (Ryanodine) in sarcoplasmic reticulum → hyperexcitable muscles, Tx: Dantrolene - muscle relaxant

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14
Q

Malignant hyperthermia is caused by _____ & _____.

A

succinylcholine, halothane

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15
Q

Malignant hyperthermia is treated with

A

Dantrolene - muscle relaxant

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16
Q

Energy Systems: Cell ATP,cell phosphocreatine

A

Phosphagen Energy System

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17
Q

Energy Systems: First 8-10 seconds

A

Phosphagen Energy System

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18
Q

Energy Systems: 100m dash, jumping, diving

A

Phosphagen Energy System

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19
Q

Energy Systems: Anaerobic, reconstitutes ATP and phosphocreatine

A

Glycogen-Lactic Acid System

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20
Q

Energy Systems: 1.3-1.6 minutes

A

Glycogen-Lactic Acid System

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21
Q

Energy Systems: Tennis, soccer

A

Glycogen-Lactic Acid System

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22
Q

Energy Systems: Aerobic, reconstitutes ATP and phosphocreatine, glycogen-lactice acid cycle

A

Aerobic System

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23
Q

Energy Systems: Unlimited as long as there’s energy supply

A

Aerobic System

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24
Q

Energy Systems: Long-distance marathon

A

Aerobic System

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25
Q

Energy Systems: Fats provide

A

50% of the energy needed after 3-4 hours

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26
Q

Basis for muscle endurance

A

Glycogen: 400g - muscle, 100g - liver

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27
Q

Best diet for muscle glycogen recovery

A

Carbo-Loading for 2 days

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28
Q

Increased muscle strength is due to

A

increased muscle mass

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29
Q

Exercise: Maximal breathing capacity

A

150-170L/min

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30
Q

Exercise: Pulmonary ventilation during maximal exercise

A

100-110L/min

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31
Q

Exercise: 50L/min of the breathing capacity is used to compensate for

A

exercise at high altitude, exercise under hot conditions, abnormalities of the respiratory system

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32
Q

Muscle blood flow increases up to ___ during strenuous exercise.

A

20x

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33
Q

Cardiac output increases during exercise by

A

Resting CO - 5L/min, Athletes - 30L/min, Non-athletes - 20L/min

34
Q

At maximal exercise cardiac output is at __% and pulmonary ventilation is at __% of their maximum levels.

A

cardiac output - 90%, pulmonary ventilation 65%

35
Q

Cardiac Output: resting → maximal exercise

A

Cardiac Reserve: athletes - 600%, non-athletes - 400%

36
Q

Only __% of nutrient energy is converted to muscle work. The rest is released as _____.

A

25% - muscle work, heat

37
Q

Occurs at T > 42°C during exercise, damages neurons and T-regulating centers, double the rate of all intracellular reactions

A

Heat Stroke

38
Q

___ lbs of body weight (mostly water) may be lost in 1 hour of athletic activity.

A

10lbs

39
Q

During exercise __ and __ are lost in sweat leading to nausea, cramps, etc.

A

Na, K

40
Q

Sweat glands may acclimatize to hot and humid conditions because of _____.

A

aldosterone

41
Q

Increases muscle strength and aggressiveness, may also cause MI, stroke, HPN, high LDL, low HDL

A

Testosterone (Roid Rage)

42
Q

Amphetamines and cocaine can cause

A

V Fib, psychological effects

43
Q

At high altitude oxygen molecules are _____ leading to _____ oxygenation.

A

farther apart, decreased oxygenation

44
Q

Most important effect of high altitude

A

decreased mental proficiency - judgement, memory and motor movements are affected

45
Q

One can experience drowsiness, nausea, mental/muscle fatigue, headache, nausea and euphoria at ___ ft

A

12,000 ft - similar to alcohol intoxication

46
Q

One can experience twitchings and seizures at ___ ft

A

18,000 ft

47
Q

One can experience coma or death at ___ ft

A

23,000 ft

48
Q

Acclimatization to Low Oxygen

A

increased pulmonary veltilation, polucythemia, increased diffusing capacity of oxygen, increased vascularity of peripheral tissue, increased ability of cells to use oxygen

49
Q

After a few minutes at high altitudes RR increases by ___.

A

1.6x

50
Q

After a few days at high altitudes RR increases by ___.

A

5x

51
Q

At high altitudes hematocrit, blood volume and hemoglobin _____ because of _____.

A

increase (polycythemia), hyppoxia-induced EPO

52
Q

At high altitudes there is an increase in the enzyme _____ which increases _____ causing a shift to the _____ of the O2-Hgb dissociation curve.

A

BG mutase, 2,3 BPG, right

53
Q

At high altitudes diffusing capacity of oxygen is increased by ___.

A

3x

54
Q

Natural Acclimatization in High Altitudes

A

decreased body mass, increased chest size, larger heart and lungs, increased Hgb, better O2 utilization

55
Q

At high altitudes acute pulmonary and cerebral edema are caused by _____.

A

Acute Mountain Sickness

56
Q

At high altitudes pulmonary vasoconstrictionand R-sided HF are caused by _____.

A

Chronic Mountain Sickness

57
Q

Unit of force equal to the force exerted by gravity

A

G-force

58
Q

G-Force: Pushed against the seat, blood is shunted to the lower extremities, more dangerous

A

Positive

59
Q

G-force: Blackouts, LOC, death at

A

+6-+10G

60
Q

G-force: Vertebral fracture at

A

+20G

61
Q

G-force: Pushed against the seatbelt, blood is shunted to the head

A

Negative

62
Q

G-force: Causes red-out of eyes and transient psychotic disturbances

A

Negative

63
Q

G-force: Death at

A

-20G

64
Q

The constant speed that a free-falling eventually reaches

A

Terminal Velocity

65
Q

A skydiver would reach terminal velocity due to air resistance after _____ with a speed of _____.

A

12 seconds, 175 ft/s

66
Q

Oxygen supplementation in space

A

20% O2 at 760 mmHg

67
Q

Chronic effect of loss of gravity

A

deconditioning

68
Q

Acute Effects of Space Travel

A

motion sickness, translocation of fluids, diminished physical activity

69
Q

Chronic Effects of Space Travel

A

Decreased blood volume, RBC, muscle strength, maximum cardiac output, Ca & P from bones

70
Q

High pressure air used by divers may lead to toxicities from high _____, _____ and _____ pressures.

A

nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide

71
Q

High Nitrogen Pressure: Joviality

A

120ft - like laughing gas

72
Q

High Nitrogen Pressure: Drowsiness

A

200-250ft

73
Q

High Nitrogen Pressure: “Raptures of the Depths”

A

> 250ft - alters ionic conductance in brain cells, increases nitrogen

74
Q

Breathing oxygen at ____ will cause sudden seizures followed by come because of _____.

A

4atm, free radicals

75
Q

High _____ pressure happens only if a diving apparatus malfunctions but can lead to severe respiratory acidosis, lethargy and narcosis.

A

carbon dioxide

76
Q

Pathophysiology of Decompression Sickness

A

sudden ascent → formation of nitrogen bubbles → blocks blood vessels

77
Q

Decompression Sickness: Pain in the joints and muscles

A

bends

78
Q

Decompression Sickness: Dyspnea

A

chokes

79
Q

Decompression Sickness: Chronic

A

Caisson’s Disease

80
Q

Decompression Sickness: Treatment

A

US Navy decompression tables, tank decompression, use helium in very deep dives (> 250ft)

Physiology (8 decks)

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