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Physiology > I - Cell Physiology > Flashcards

I - Cell Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Basic living unit of the body

A

Cell

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2
Q

Cells that always replicate

A

Labile Cells

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3
Q

Cells that are inactive but can replicate when needed

A

Quiescent/Stable Cells

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4
Q

Cell that cannot replicate

A

Permanent Cells

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5
Q

Substances that make up the entire cell

A

Protoplasm

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6
Q

Components of the Protoplasm

A

water (70-80%), proteins (10-20%), lipids(2%), ions, carbohydrates

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7
Q

The Cell: Contains DNA, histones & chromosomes, has nucleoli

A

Nucleus

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8
Q

The Cell: Powerhouse of the cell

A

Mitochondria

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9
Q

The Cell: Involved in detoxification, lipid synthesis, converting lipid-soluble substances to water-soluble substances

A

Agranular/Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

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10
Q

The Cell: For synthesis of proteins bound for the cell membrane, lysosomes, outside of the cell

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

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11
Q

The Cell: For synthesis of proteins bound for the cytoplasm and mitochondria

A

Free-floating Ribosomes

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12
Q

The Cell: For packaging,molecular tagging and synthesis of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate

A

Golgi Apparatus

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13
Q

The Cell: Contains proenzymes, neurotransmittters and replenishes cell membrane components

A

Secretory Vesicles

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14
Q

The Cell: For regression of tissues and autolysis, suicide bags of the cell, destroys foreign bodies

A

Lysosomes

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15
Q

The Cell: Degrades membrane-associated proteins, not membrane-bound

A

Proteosomes

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16
Q

The Cell: Contains oxidases, catalases, helps in lipid synthesis and detoxification

A

Peroxisomes

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17
Q

Processes that happen both in the cytoplasm and the mitochondria

A

Heme synthesis, Urea cycle, Gluconeogenesis

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18
Q

Face of the golgi apparatus that accepts inactive proteins

A

Cis Face - convex

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19
Q

Face of the golgi apparatus that releases mature proteins

A

Trans Face - concave

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20
Q

Site of transcription and processing of rRNA

A

nucleolus

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21
Q

Contains its own DNA that is maternally derived and does not follow the genetic code

A

mitochondria

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22
Q

Exclusively Mitochondrial Processes

A

β-oxidation, Krebs Cycle

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23
Q

RER and SER are abundant in the

A

liver - other organelles are also increased

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24
Q

What are the components of prokaryotic ribosomes?

A

30s + 50s = 70s

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25
Q

What are the components of eukaryotic ribosomes?

A

40s + 60s = 80s

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26
Q

Specialized SER in the skeletal muscle

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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27
Q

Specialized SER in the neuron

A

Nissl substance

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28
Q

The only substance modified in the RER and not in the golgi apparatus

A

collagen

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29
Q

What is added to lysosome-bound proteins by the golgi apparatus?

A

mannose 6-phosphate (M6P)

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30
Q

Lysosomes come from which organelle?

A

golgi apparatus

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31
Q

Peroxisomes come from which organelle?

A

SER

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32
Q

Wear-and-tear pigment that accumulates in lysosomes

A

lipofuscin

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33
Q

Microvilli, locomotion of macrophages, muscles, zonula adherens, zonula occludens

A

Actin/Microfilaments

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34
Q

Keratin (epithelial cells), neurofilaments (neurons), desmosomes, hemidesmosomes

A

Intermediate Filaments

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35
Q

Flagella, cilia, centrioles, mitotic spindles, intracellular vesicles

A

Microtubules

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36
Q

Motor protein causing transport of substances from the center of the cell to the periphery

A

Kinesin

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37
Q

Motor protein causing transport of substances from the periphery to the center of the cell

A

Dynein

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38
Q

Direction of kinesin transport

A

center of the cell → periphery

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39
Q

Direction of dynein transport

A

periphery → center of the cell

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40
Q

Disease where cilia and flagella are missing dynein

A

Kartagener’s Syndrome

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41
Q

Kartagener’s Syndrome: Findings

A

situs inversus, bronchiectasis, infertility

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42
Q

Causes situs inversus in Kartagener’s Syndrome

A

defective primary cilia

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43
Q

Locomotion: WBCs, fibroblasts, germinal cells of the skin, fertilized embryo

A

amoeboid movement

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44
Q

Crawling movement in response to a chemotactic substance

A

amoeboid movement

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45
Q

Locomotion: respiratory airways, fallopian tubes

A

ciliary movement

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46
Q

Back-and-forth whip-like movement

A

ciliary movement

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47
Q

Locomotion: sperm

A

flagellar movement

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48
Q

Quasi-sinusoidal propeller-like movement

A

flagellar movement

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49
Q

Junctional Complexes: disk-shaped, for firm/tight intercellular adhesions

A

macula adherens (desmosomes)

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50
Q

Desmosomes (macula adherens) are found in

A

epithelium

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51
Q

Junctional Complexes: ring-shaped, increases surface area for contact

A

zonula adherens (fascia adherens)

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52
Q

Zonula adherens (fascia adherens) are found in

A

intercalated disks of cardiac muscles

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53
Q

Junctional Complexes: reticular patter, divides cells into apical and basolateral sides

A

zonula occludens (tight junctions)

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54
Q

Leaky zonula occludens (tight junctions) are found in

A

proximal convoluted tubule, jejunum

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55
Q

Tight zonula occludens (tight junctions) are found in

A

collecting ducts, terminal colon, BBB

56
Q

Junctional Complexes: for intercellular communication

A

gap junctions

57
Q

Gap junctions are found in

A

cardiac muscles, unitary smooth muscles (syncytium)

58
Q

The functional unit of the gap junction

A

connexon

59
Q

Movement of substances through the apical and basolateral side

A

transcellular transport

60
Q

Movement of substances of between cells through tight junctions

A

paracellular transport

61
Q

The tight junction is found near the _____ side.

A

apical side

62
Q

Components of the Cell Membrane

A

proteins (55%), phospholipids (25%), cholesterol (13%), other lipids (4%), carbohydrates (3%)

63
Q

Most important part of the cell membrane, determines fluidity and permeability

A

cholesterol

64
Q

Glycolipid that anchors proteins to the outer leaflet

A

glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)

65
Q

Cell Membrane Proteins: has tight attachment using hydrophobic interactions

A

integral proteins

66
Q

Cell Membrane Proteins: needs detergent to be removed

A

integral proteins

67
Q

Cell Membrane Proteins: spans the entire thickness of the cell membrane

A

integral proteins

68
Q

Cell Membrane Proteins: has loose attachment using electrostatic interactions

A

peripheral proteins

69
Q

Cell Membrane Proteins: found on the inner or outer leaflet

A

peripheral proteins

70
Q

Cell Membrane Transporters: number or permeability is variable

A

water channels/aquaporins (AQPs)

71
Q

Cell Membrane Transporters: channels for Na, CA, K, CL

A

ion channels

72
Q

Cell Membrane Transporters: can be uniport, symport or antiport

A

solute carriers

73
Q

Cell Membrane Transporters: uses ATP for transport

A

ATP-dependent

74
Q

ATP-Dependent Transporters: Na-K-ATPase

A

ATPase ion transporters

75
Q

ATP-Dependent Transporters: Multi-drug Resistance Protein

A

ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) transporters

76
Q

Which disease involves a mutation in a gene of chromosome 7 that encodes for an ABC transporter called CFTR?

A

Cystic Fibrosis

77
Q

Endocytosis: cell-drinking, for proteins, requires ATP and extracellular Ca

A

pinocytosis

78
Q

Endocytosis: cell-eating, for large substances, exhibited by WBCs and macrophages, usually receptor-mediated

A

phagocytosis

79
Q

Secretion of hormones and neurotransmitters from intracellular vesicles

A

exocytosis

80
Q

Exocytosis is mediated by

A

SNARE proteins

81
Q

Total Body Water: ___ of body weight

A

60% of body weight

82
Q

Babies are ___ water.

A

75%

83
Q

Total Body Water: % ICF

A

40% of body weight (2/3 of TBW)

84
Q

Total Body Water: % ECF (internal environment/milieu intérieur)

A

20% of body weight (1/3 of TBW)

85
Q

Total Body Water: Transcellular Fluid

A

1 L

86
Q

Total Body Water: % Plasma

A

5% of body weight (1/4 of ECF)

87
Q

Total Body Water: % Interstitial Fluid

A

20% of body weight (3/4 of ECF)

88
Q

Predominant cation in the ECF

A

Na+

89
Q

Predominant cation in the ICF

A

K+

90
Q

Predominant anion in the ECF

A

Cl-

91
Q

Predominant anion in the ICF

A

PO4-

92
Q

In each compartment, total number of cations should equal total number of anions.

A

Macroscopic Electroneutrality Principle

93
Q

Macroscopic Electroneutrality Principle

A

In each compartment, total number of cations should equal total number of anions.

94
Q

In _____ compartment, total number of _____ should equal total number of _____.

A

each, cations, anions

95
Q

What is the basis for saying”where Na goes, water follows”?

A

90% of solutes in the ECF is Na+ making it a reasonable indicator of osmolarity

96
Q

What are the indicator molecules for TBW?

A

deuterium oxide, antipyrine

97
Q

What are the indicator molecules for ECF?

A

inulin, mannitol

98
Q

What are the indicator molecule for plasma?

A

124 I-labeled albumin

99
Q

Units for Concentration: osmoles per kg of water

A

osmolality

100
Q

Units for Concentration: osmoles per L of water

A

osmolarity

101
Q

Units for Concentration: independent of temperature

A

osmolality

102
Q

Units for Concentration: varies with temperature

A

osmolarity

103
Q

Plasma Osmolarity mOsm/L =

A

2 x Na+ mEq/L + (glucose mg/dL/18) + (BUN mg/dL/2.8) [+ (ethanol mg/dL/4.6)]

104
Q

Osmolar Gap =

A

measured osmolarity - estimated osmolarity

105
Q

Osmolar gap _____ in alcohol intoxication and ethylene glycol poisoning.

A

increases

106
Q

Movement of water from an area of low concentration to high concentration across a semi-permeable membrane

A

osmosis

107
Q

_____ is the driving force of osmosis and is dependent on the _____ of molecules, not the mass, chemical nature or size.

A

Osmotic pressure, number of molecules

108
Q

Osmosis: impermeant solute

A

glucose - effective osmole

109
Q

Osmosis: permeant solute

A

urea - ineffective osmole

110
Q

Osmosis: effective osmole used in treatment of brain edema

A

mannitol

111
Q

Osmosis: osmotic pressure from large molecules (proteins)

A

oncotic pressure

112
Q

Osmosis: Weight of the volume of a solution divided by weight of equal volume of distilled (pure) water

A

specific gravity

113
Q

Number between zero and one that describes the ease with which a solute permeates a membrane

A

Reflection/Osmotic Coefficient

114
Q

Reflection/Osmotic Coefficient

A

molecules returned/molecules sent

115
Q

No solute penetration, Reflection Coefficient =

A

Reflection Coefficient = 1

116
Q

Some solute penetration, Reflection Coefficient is

A

0 < Reflection Coefficient < 1

117
Q

Complete solute penetration, Reflection Coefficient =

A

Reflection Coefficient = 0

118
Q

Transport Mechanisms: passive, not carrier-mediated

A

Simple Diffusion

119
Q

Transport Mechanisms: passive, carrier-mediated

A

Facilitated Diffusion

120
Q

Transport Mechanisms: active (ATP), carrier-mediated

A

Primary Active Diffusion

121
Q

Transport Mechanisms: active (Na+ gradient), carrier-mediated

A

Secondary Active Transport

122
Q

Transport Mechanisms: small non-polar molecules, gases

A

Simple Diffusion

123
Q

Transport Mechanisms: GLUT

A

Facilitated Diffusion

124
Q

Transport Mechanisms: Na-K-ATPase, Proton Pump (H+-K+)

A

Primary Active Diffusion

125
Q

Transport Mechanisms: Na-K-2Cl Pump, SGLT 1 in SI, SGLT 2 in PCT

A

Secondary Active Transport

126
Q

The secndary active transport mechanism relise on the Na+ gradient created by the

A

Na-K-ATPase Pump

127
Q

Characteristics of Carrier-Mediated Transport

A

Saturation - Tm occurs once all transporters are used, Stereospecificity - recognized D or L forms, Competition - chemically-related structures may compete

128
Q

At low solute concentration, _____ diffusion is faster than _____ diffusion.

A

facilitated > simple

129
Q

At high solute concentration, _____ diffusion is faster than _____ diffusion

A

simple > facilitated

130
Q

Transport Mechanisms: Ca-ATPase pump in the cell membrane

A

PMCA

131
Q

Transport Mechanisms: Ca-ATPase pump in the sarcoplasmic reticulum and endoplasmic reticulum

A

SERCA

132
Q

Transport Mechanisms: Functions of the Na-K-ATPase pump

A

prevents cellular swelling, contributes to resting membrane potential (RMP)

133
Q

Transport Mechanisms: Functional subunit of the Na-K-ATPase pump inhibited by cardiac glycosides

A

alpha subunit

134
Q

Transport Mechanisms: In all epithelial cells, Na-K-ATPase pump is found on the basolateral side except:

A

choroid plexus

135
Q

Transport Mechanisms: Why do RBCs swell when chilled?

A

decreased ATP synthesis → decrease Na-K-ATPase pump activity

Physiology (8 decks)

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