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Physiology > II - Neurophysiology > Flashcards

II - Neurophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

Nerve Cell: permanent cell

A

neurons

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2
Q

Nerve Cell: non-permanent cells

A

neuroglia/glial cells/supporting cells

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3
Q

Nerve Cell: has malignant potential

A

neuroglia/glial cells/supporting cells

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4
Q

Nerve Cell: high in number

A

neuroglia/glial cells/supporting cells (10:1)

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5
Q

Glial Cells: Produces CSF

A

ependymal cells

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6
Q

Glial Cells: Macrophage of the brain

A

microglia

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7
Q

Glial Cells: Regulate ECF ino levels, gives mechanical support, forms BBB (foot processes)

A

astrocytes (nurse cells)

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8
Q

Glial Cells: Creates myelin in the CNS

A

oligodendrocytes

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9
Q

Glial Cells: Creates myelin in the PNS

A

Schwann cells

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10
Q

Glial Cells: Brain tumors from non-mature neurons

A

neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma

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11
Q

Neuron: Receiving portion for neurotransmitter

A

dendrites, cell body

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12
Q

Glial Cells: Where the action potential actually starts

A

axon hillock

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13
Q

Glial Cells: Function of the myelin sheath

A

insulator

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14
Q

Glial Cells: Unmyelinated part of the axon

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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15
Q

Glial Cells: Branches of axons

A

neural fibril

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16
Q

Glial Cells: Terminal portion of a neural fibril that contains NT-containing vesicles

A

axon terminal/boutons/end-feet

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17
Q

Glial Cells: Space between 2 neurons

A

synapse

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18
Q

Axonal Transport: Soma (Cell Body) to Axon Terminal

A

Anterograde

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19
Q

Axonal Transport: Replenishes synaptic vesicles and enzymes for NT synthesis

A

Anterograde

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20
Q

Axonal Transport: Axon terminal to Soma (Cell Body)

A

Retrograde

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21
Q

Axonal Transport: Recycles synaptic vesicle membrane for lysosomal degradation

A

Retrograde

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22
Q

The death of the axon distal to the site of injury after an axon is transected

A

Anterograde/Orthograde Degeneration (Wallerian)

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23
Q

Changes to the soma after an axon is transected

A

Axonal Reaction/Chromatolysis

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24
Q

Axonal regeneration occurs better in the

A

PNS

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25
Q

Used by neurons to communicate with other neurons across synapses, may be excitatory, inhibitory or both

A

neurotransmitters

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26
Q

Acetylcholine: Location

A

Nucleus Basalis of Meynert, found in many areas

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27
Q

Acetylcholine: Synthesis

A

acetyl CoA + choline (choline acetyltransferase)

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28
Q

Acetylcholine: Degradation

A

degradation precedes reuptake, produces acetyl CoA and choline (acetylcholinesterase), choline is recycled

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29
Q

Acetylcholine: Deficiency

A

Alzheimer’s Disease - most common cause of dementia in the elderly

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30
Q

Dopamine: Location

A

Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta, Ventral Tegmental Area

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31
Q

Dopamine: Degradation

A

MAO - presynaptic nerve terminals, COMT - other tissues including the liver

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32
Q

Dopamine: Deficiency

A

Parkinson’s Disease

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33
Q

Parkinson’s: Findings

A

Tremors, Rigidity, Akinesia, Postural instability

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34
Q

Dopamine: Excess

A

Schizophrenia

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35
Q

Norepinephrine & Epinephrine: Location

A

Postganglionic Neuros of the SNS - Both, Locus Ceruleus of the Pons - Norepinephrine

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36
Q

Norepinephrine & Epinephrine: Functions

A

control overall activity and mood of the mind such as increasing level of wakefulness

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37
Q

Norepinephrine & Epinephrine: Action

A

excitatory or inhibitory

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38
Q

Norepinephrine & Epinephrine: Site of Action

A

adrenergic receptors

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39
Q

Phenylalanine Derivatives

A

Phenylalanine → Tyrosine → L-Dopa → Dopamine → Norepinephrine → Epinephrine, Tyrosine → Thyroxine and Melanin

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40
Q

Tryptophan Derivatives

A

Serotonin (5-HT) → Melatonin, Niacin (B3)

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41
Q

Serotonin: Location

A

Median Raphe of the Brain

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42
Q

Serotonin: Function

A

inhibitor of pain pathways in the spinal cord (“Happy Hormone”)

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43
Q

Serotonin: Precursor

A

Tryptophan

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44
Q

Serotonin: Product

A

Melatonin (pineal gland)

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45
Q

Nitric Oxide: Location

A

areas of the brain responsible for long-term memory and behavior

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46
Q

Nitric Oxide: Precursor

A

Arginine

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47
Q

Nitric Oxide: Functions

A

permeant gas that diffuses towards its target cell, short-acting inhibitory neurotransmitter

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48
Q

Histamine: Location

A

Tubomammillary Nucleus of the Hypothalamus

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49
Q

Histamine: Precursor

A

Histidine

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50
Q

Histamine: Functions

A

arousal, sleep, circadian rhythm

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51
Q

Glycine: Location

A

Spinal Interneurons

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52
Q

Glycine: Functions

A

major inhibitory NT in SC, increases Cl influx

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53
Q

GABA: Location

A

brain - spiny neurons of striate nucleus, Purkinje cells of the cerebellum

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54
Q

GABA: Precursor

A

Glutamate

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55
Q

GABA: Functions

A

major inhibitory NT in the brain, increases Cl influx (GABAa) and K efflux (GABAb)

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56
Q

Glutamate: Function

A

major excitatory NT in the brain

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57
Q

Opioid Peptides: Function

A

inhibit neurons in the brain involved in the perception of pain

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58
Q

Opioid Peptides: Examples

A

enkephalins, endorphins, dynorphins

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59
Q

Substance P: Location

A

brain, primary sensory neurons, GI plexus neurons

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60
Q

Substance P: Function

A

transmission of slow pain

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61
Q

Potential difference across the membrane, INTRAcellular charge

A

Resting Membrane Potential

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62
Q

Resting Membrane Potential

A

-70mV

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63
Q

Resting Membrane Potential: mechanism with the highest contribution

A

Nernst Potential of Na (+61mV) and K (-94mV) Diffusion

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64
Q

Resting Membrane Potential: 100x more permeable to K

A

Na-K Leak Channels

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65
Q

Resting Membrane Potential: contributes -4mV

A

Na-K-ATPase Pump

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66
Q

Exhibited by excitable cells only (neurons, muscle cells)

A

Action Potential

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67
Q

Characteristics of Action Potentials

A

Stereotypical size and shape - depolarizes to the same potential and repolarizes to the same RMP, Propagating - nondecremental depolarization in adjacent cells, All-or-None - if the threshold is reached, a full AP is generated, otherwise, none at all

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68
Q

Basis for resting membrane potential and action potential

A

ion channels

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69
Q

RMP & AP: Makes the membrane less negative

A

depolarization

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70
Q

RMP & AP: Make the MP more negative

A

hyperpolarization

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71
Q

RMP & AP: Positive charges flowing into the cell

A

inward current

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72
Q

RMP & AP: Positive charges flowing out of the cell

A

outward current

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73
Q

RMP & AP: MP in which AP is inevitable

A

threshold

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74
Q

RMP & AP: Portion of the AP where MP is poritive

A

overshoot

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75
Q

RMP & AP: Portion of the AP where MP is < RMP

A

undershoot (hyperpolarizing afterpotential)

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76
Q

Depolarization opens

A

Na-Activation Gates - Na Influx

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77
Q

Repolarization closes

A

Na-Inactivation Gates - stops Na influx

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78
Q

Repolarization opens

A

K Gates - K efflux

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79
Q

Na-Channel blockers of neurons

A

Tetradotoxin - puffer fish, Saxitoxin - red tide, dinoflagellates

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80
Q

K-Channel blocker of neurons

A

Tetraethylammonium - puffer fish

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81
Q

What stimulates nerve depolarization in the first place?

A

mechanical disturbance, chemicals, electricity

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82
Q

Time periods in an action potential during which a new stimulus cannot be elicited

A

refractory periods

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83
Q

Refractory Periods: Another AP cannot be elicited no matter how large the stimulus, coincides with almost the entire AP

A

absolute refractory period

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84
Q

Refractory Periods: Na-inactivation gates are closed when depolarized, no AP can occur until they open

A

absolute refractory period

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85
Q

Refractory Periods: AP can occur with a larger that usual inward current, occurs from the end of the ARF up to the RMP

A

relative refractory period

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86
Q

Refractory Periods: K conductance is elevated, MP is closer the K equilibrium and farther from the threshold

A

relative refractory period

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87
Q

When a cell is depolarized so slowly such that the threshold potential is passed with firing an AP

A

accomodation

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88
Q

Action Potential: Synaptic inputs that depolarize the post-synaptic cell

A

Excitatory Post-Synaptic Potential (EPSP)

89
Q

Action Potential: Synaptic inputs the hyperpolarize the post-synaptic celle

A

Inhibitory Post-Synaptic Potential (IPSP)

90
Q

Action Potential: Two or more pre-synaptic inputs arrive at the post-synaptic cell simultaneously

A

Spatial Summation

91
Q

Action Potential: Two or more pre-synaptic inputs arrive at the post-synaptic cell in rapid succession

A

Temporal Summation

92
Q

Action Potential: Repeated stimulation causes response of the post-synaptic cell to be greater then expected

A

Nerve Facilitation

93
Q

Action Potential: Increased release of NT and increased sensitivity to NT

A

Long-Term Potentiation

94
Q

Action Potential: Repeated stimulation causes decreased response of the post-synaptic cell

A

Synaptic Fatigue

95
Q

Nerve Fibers: Fastest, thickest, most myelinated, most ATP consumed

A

A Fibers

96
Q

Nerve Fibers: Slowest, thinnest, least myelinated, least ATP consumed

A

C Fibers

97
Q

Brain: Vasomotor center, respiratory center, swallowing, coughing and vomiting centers

A

medulla

98
Q

Brain: Micturition center, pneumotaxic and apneustic centers

A

pons

99
Q

Brain: Relay center for almost all sensations

A

thalamus

100
Q

Brain: Balance

A

cerebellum

101
Q

Brain: Connects 2 brain hemispheres

A

corpus callosum, anterior commisure

102
Q

Brain: Motor, personality, calculation, judgement

A

frontal lobe

103
Q

Brain: Somatosensory cortex

A

parietal lobe

104
Q

Brain: Visual cortex

A

occipital lobe

105
Q

Brain: Hearing, vestibular processing, recognition of faces, optic pathway (Meyer’s Loop), memory storage

A

temporal lobe

106
Q

Cerebral Cortex: Initiation

A

Primary Areas

107
Q

Cerebral Cortex: Interpretation

A

Secondary Areas

108
Q

Cerebral Cortex: Integration

A

Tertiary Areas

109
Q

Cerebral Cortex: Receive and analyze signals simultaneously

A

Association Areas

110
Q

Cerebral Cortex: Association Areas

A

Parieto-Occipitotemporal Area, Prefrontal Association Area, Broca’s Area, Limbic Association Area

111
Q

Association Areas: Elaboration of thoughts, plan complex motor movements

A

Prefrontal Association Area

112
Q

Association Areas: Plans and creates motor patter for speech, damage causes expressive aphasia

A

Broca’s Area

113
Q

Association Areas: Behavior, emotions, motivation

A

Limbic Association Area

114
Q

Storage mechanism for learning, a result of previous neural activity

A

Memory

115
Q

Memory: Seconds to Minutes

A

Short-Term Memory

116
Q

Memory: Chemical Changes

A

Short-Term Memory

117
Q

Memory: Days to Weeks

A

Intermediate-Term Memory

118
Q

Memory: Years to a Lifetime

A

Long-Term Memory

119
Q

Memory: Physical/Structural Changes

A

Long-Term Memory

120
Q

Conversion of short-term memory to long-term memory, accelerated and potentiated by rehearsal (learning by trauma)

A

Consolidation

121
Q

Does NOT store memory, an important outputa pathway from the reward & punishment centers of the brain, damage causes ANTEROGRADE amnesis

A

Hippocampus

122
Q

Helps a person search the memory storehouses and read-out the memories, damage causes RETROGRADE amnesia

A

Thalamus

123
Q

Limbic System: Produces mainly Oxytocin

A

Paraventricular Nuclei

124
Q

Limbic System: Produces mainly Vasopressin

A

Supraoptic Nuclei

125
Q

Limbic System: Satiety Center

A

Ventromedial Nuclei

126
Q

Limbic System: Hunger Center

A

Lateral Nuclei

127
Q

Limbic System: Sweating (heat release)

A

Anterior Hypothalamus

128
Q

Limbic System: Shivering (heat conservation)

A

Posterior Hypothalamus

129
Q

Limbic System: Reward Center

A

Medial Forebrain Bundle

130
Q

Limbic System: Punishment Center

A

Central Gray Area aroung Aqueduct of Sylvius

131
Q

Limbic System: Social Inhibition

A

Amygdala

132
Q

Regulate the activity of many physiological processesinluding HR, BP, T and hormones

A

Biological Clock

133
Q

Master clock in the human body

A

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

134
Q

Its neurons retain synchronized, rhythmical firing patterns even though they are isolated from the rest of the brain

A

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

135
Q

Destruction causes loss of circadian rhythm

A

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

136
Q

Regulates circadian rhythm

A

Pineal Gland

137
Q

Secretes a hormone called melatonin that is synthesized from serotonin

A

Pineal Gland

138
Q

Melatonin is increased in _____, inhibited by _____ and controlled by _____ which is regulated by light signals form the _____.

A

darkness, daylight, sympathetic nerve activity, retina

139
Q

Recording of neuronal electrical activity, diagnostic tool in clinical neurology

A

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

140
Q

Brain Waves: Fast, awake, eyes closed, relaxed (8-13Hz)

A

Alpha

141
Q

Brain Waves: Fast, awake, eyes open, alert (13-30Hz)

A

Beta

142
Q

Brain Waves: Slow, brain disorders, degenerative brain states (4-7Hz)

A

Theta

143
Q

Brain Waves: Deep sleep, organic brain disease, infants (0.5-4Hz)

A

Delta

144
Q

Sleep is due to an active _____ process of releasing _____.

A

inhibitory, Muramyl Peptide

145
Q

Sleep: Dreamless or unremembered dreams

A

Slow-Wave Sleep

146
Q

Sleep: Decreased BP, HR, BMR, Increased GI motility

A

Slow-Wave Sleep

147
Q

Stages of Slow-Wave Sleep

A
  1. Aplha waves interspersed with Theta waves, 2. Theta waves interrupted by Sleep Spindles (12-14Hz) and K complexes (large, slow potentials), 3. Delta waves interrupted by Sleep Spindles, 4. Delta waves alone
148
Q

Sleep: Active dreaming, every 90 minutes

A

Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep

149
Q

Sleep: Increased brain metabolism, Decreased muscle tone, pupillary constriction, active body movements, Irregular BP, HR, RR, penile erection

A

Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep

150
Q

Sleep: Very difficult to arouse

A

Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep

151
Q

Sleep: Mainly Beta waves

A

Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep

152
Q

Who dreams the most?

A

newborns 50%, adults 25%

153
Q

There is _____ ANS effect to cerebral blood flow.

A

little

154
Q

Cerebral blood flow is highly _____ at _____.

A

autoregulated, BP 60-140mmhg

155
Q

Increase in CO2 _____ cerebral blood flow.

A

increases

156
Q

Gray matter is _____ metabolic than white matter

A

more

157
Q

Most metabolic organ of the body

A

brain (2% of body mass, 15% of metabolism)

158
Q

Source of energy for the brain

A

glucose, ketone bodies

159
Q

Total amount of CSF in the brain

A

150mL

160
Q

Total amount of CSF produced per day

A

500ml/day

161
Q

CSF Pathway

A

Lateral Ventricles → Foramen of Monroe → Third Ventricle → Aqueduct of Sylvius , Fourth Ventricle → Foramen of Magendie (1) & Luschka (2) → Subarachnoid Space over the brain and SC → Arachnoid Granulations → Dural Venous Sinus Blood

162
Q

CSF: Na+, Protein

A

148 Na+, 15-45 Protein

163
Q

Blood: Na+, Protein

A

136-145 Na+, 6.8 x 10^3 Protein

164
Q

BBB: Components

A

endothelial cells of cerebral capillaries (and the tight junctions between them), astrocyte foot processes, choroid plexus epithelium

165
Q

BBB: Location

A

all areas of the brain EXCEPT: some areas of the hypothalamus, pineal gland, area postrema

166
Q

Autonomic Nervous System: Fight or Flight

A

Sympathetic

167
Q

Autonomic Nervous System: Rest and Digest

A

Parasympathetic

168
Q

Autonomic Nervous System: Functions

A

assists in maintaining homeostasis, participates in appropriate and coordinated responses to external stimuli

169
Q

Peripheral NS: Voluntary, 1 motorneuron, ACh → Nm - skeletal muscle

A

Somatic

170
Q

Peripheral NS: Involuntary, 2 motorneurons, thoracolumbar preganglionic neurons (ACh → Nn - nerve), paravertebral postganglionic neurons (Adrenergic: NE → α1, α2, β1, β2 - smooth muscle, glands, heart; Muscarinic: ACh → M - sweat glands, piloerector muscles, some skeletal BVs)

A

Sympathetic

171
Q

Peripheral NS: Involuntary, 2 motorneurons, craniosacral preganglionic neurons (ACh → Nn - nerve), postganglionic neurons at the walls of effector organs (ACh → M - glands, smooth muscle)

A

Parasympathetic

172
Q

Peripheral NS: ACh → Nn releases Epinephrine 80% and Norepinephrine 20%

A

Adrenal Medulla

173
Q

Adrenoreceptors: IP3, increased intracellular Ca, contraction

A

α1

174
Q

Adrenoreceptors: Inhibition of adenylyl cyclase, decreased cAMP, in presynaptic adrebergic neurons (NE reuptake)

A

α2

175
Q

Adrenoreceptors: Stimulation of adenylyl cyclase, increased cAMP

A

β1

176
Q

Adrenoreceptors: Stimulation of adenylyl cyclase, increased cAMP, relaxation

A

β2

177
Q

Cholinorecetors: Opening of Na and K channels, depolarization

A

Nicotinic

178
Q

Cholinorecetors: IP3, increased Ca (M1,3,5), inhibition of adenylyl cyclase, decreased cAMP (M2,4)

A

Muscarinic

179
Q

Autonomic Nervous System: Capable of mass discharge

A

Sympathetic

180
Q

Adrenoreceptors: Found in adipose for lipolysis and thermogenesis, brown fat in infants

A

β3

181
Q

ANS: Mydriasis

A

Sympathetic - radial muscles

182
Q

ANS: Accomodation

A

Parasympathetic

183
Q

ANS: Sweating

A

Sympathetic

184
Q

ANS: Salivation

A

Sympathetic - mucosal, sticky, Parasympathetic - serous, watery

185
Q

ANS: Glandular Secretion

A

Parasympathetic

186
Q

ANS: Increased HR and cardiac contractility

A

Sympathetic

187
Q

ANS: Bronchoconstriction

A

Parasympathetic

188
Q

ANS: GI motility/peristalsis

A

Parasympathetic

189
Q

ANS: Increased blood glucose, lipids

A

Sympathetic

190
Q

ANS: GU/GI sphincter contraction

A

Sympathetic

191
Q

ANS: Uterus

A

Sympathetic: contraction - α1, relaxation - β2

192
Q

ANS: Urination

A

Parasympathetic

193
Q

ANS: Defecation

A

Parasympathetic

194
Q

ANS: Vasodilation - skeletal muscle

A

Sympathetic

195
Q

ANS: Vasoconstriction - skin, splanchnic, renal, venous

A

Sympathetic

196
Q

ANS: Piloerection

A

Sympathetic

197
Q

ANS: Erection

A

Parasympathetic

198
Q

ANS: Ejaculation

A

Sympathetic

199
Q

ANS: Meiosis

A

Parasympathetic - circular muscles

200
Q

Sympathetic NS: Increased HR (SA Node)

A

β1

201
Q

Sympathetic NS: Increased AV node conduction

A

β1

202
Q

Sympathetic NS: Increased contractility

A

β1

203
Q

Sympathetic NS: Vasoconstriction - skin, splanchnic

A

α1

204
Q

Sympathetic NS: Vasodilation - skeletal muscle

A

β2

205
Q

Sympathetic NS: Vasoconstriction - skeletal muscle

A

α1

206
Q

Sympathetic NS: Bronchodilation

A

β2

207
Q

Sympathetic NS: Smooth muscle, walls relax

A

α2, β2

208
Q

Sympathetic NS: Smooth muscle, sphincters contract

A

α1

209
Q

Sympathetic NS: Salivation

A

β1

210
Q

Sympathetic NS: UB wall, detrusor relax

A

β2

211
Q

Sympathetic NS: Ejaculation

A

α

212
Q

Sympathetic NS: Mydriasis

A

α

213
Q

Sympathetic NS: Ciliary muscle dilation (far vision)

A

β

214
Q

Sympathetic NS: Sweat glands, thermoregulatory

A

M

215
Q

Sympathetic NS: Sweat glands, stress

A

α

216
Q

Sympathetic NS: Gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis

A

α1, β2

217
Q

Sympathetic NS: Lipolysis

A

β2, β3

218
Q

Sympathetic NS: Renin secretion

A

β

Physiology (8 decks)

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