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Spinal Kinetics & Kinematics > VII. lower cervical biomechanics (C3-C7) > Flashcards

VII. lower cervical biomechanics (C3-C7) Flashcards

1
Q

Vertebral bodies in the lower cervical spine are wider ____ (transversely/A-P)

A

transversely

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2
Q

Articular facets of the lower cervical spine are at what angle with the horizontal plane?

A

45 degrees

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3
Q

Describe the articular surfaces of the Z-joints in the lower cervical spine?

A

nearly flat with some variation

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4
Q

What is the function of uncovertebral joints (joints of Luschka) in the lower cervical spine?

A

aid in guiding lateral flexion affect coupled rotation

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5
Q

What is the approximate thickness of IVDs in the lower cervical spine?

A

3mm

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6
Q

What is the disc to body ratio in the lower cervical spine?

A

2:5

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7
Q

IVDs in the lower cervical spine are thickest where?

A

anteriorly

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8
Q

Where is the nucleus of the IVDs located in the lower cervical spine?

A

slightly posterior to center

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9
Q

What is the segmental range of motion for combined flexion/extension in the lower cervical spine?

A

approximately 15 degrees per segment

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10
Q

Where is the segmental range of motion for combined flexion/extension in the lower cervical spine greatest?

A

in mid cervicals with approximately 20 degrees

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11
Q

Where is the segmental range of motion for combined flexion/extension in the lower cervical spine lowest?

A

at C2-C3 and C7-T1 with 10 degrees

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12
Q

What is the IAR for extension/flexion in the lower cervical spine?

A

anterior portion of the subadjacent vertebrae

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13
Q

What is the kinematic pattern of motion for extension/flexion in the lower cervical spine?

A

predominantly angular movement in the sagittal plane with couple sagittal plane translation

flexion = +θ x with +z

extension -θ x with -z

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14
Q

During flexion in the lower cervical spine, anterior disc is ____ (distracted/compressed) and the posterior disc is ____ (distracted/compressed)

A

compressed : distracted

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15
Q

During extension in the lower cervical spine, anterior disc is ____ (distracted/compressed) and the posterior disc is ____ (distracted/compressed)

A

distracted : compressed

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16
Q

During flexion in the lower cervical spine, facets ____ (separate/approximate)

A

separate

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17
Q

During extension in the lower cervical spine, facets ____ (separate/approximate)

A

approximate

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18
Q

What is the segmental range of motion for lateral flexion of the lower cervical spine?

A

averages 7-8 degrees to each side

19
Q

The segmental range of motion for lateral flexion of the lower cervical spine decreases in which direction?

A

caudal

20
Q

What is the IAR for lateral flexion of the lower cervical spine?

A

debated

21
Q

What is the kinematic pattern of motion for lateral flexion in the lower cervical spine?

A

lateral bending couples with ipsilateral axial rotation

*degree of coupled rotation decreases from cephalad to caudad

22
Q

During lateral flexion of the lower cervical spine, lateral disc wedging and ____ (distraction/approximation) on the side of lateral flexion and ____ (distraction/approximation) on the opposite side

A

approximation : distraction

23
Q

What is the segmental range of motion for rotation of the lower cervical spine?

A

averages 5 degrees to each side and nearly uniform from C3-C7

24
Q

What is the IAR for rotation in the lower cervical spine?

A

contralateral subadjacent vertebral body

25
Q

What is the kinematic pattern of motion for rotation in the lower cervical spine?

A

predominantly axial rotation mildly coupled with ipsilateral lateral flexion

i.e vertebral bodies laterally flex to the side of rotation

26
Q

During rotation in the lower cervical spine, on the side of rotation the inferior facet rides ____ (up/down) and ____ (laterally/medially)

A

down : medially

27
Q

During rotation in the lower cervical spine, on the opposite side of rotation the inferior facet rides ____ (up/down) and ____ (laterally/medially)

A

up : laterally

28
Q

What posterior muscles contribute to kinetics in the lower cervical spine?

A

splenius capitis

splenius cervicis

semispinalis capitis

semispinalis cervicis

longissimus capitis

longissimus cervicis

29
Q

What anterior muscles contribute to kinetics in the lower cervical spine?

A

scalenes

longus colli

longus capitis

SCM

30
Q

What segmental muscles contribute to kinetics in the lower cervical spine?

A

multifidus

rotatores

intertransversarii

31
Q

Flexion of the lower cervical spine is initiated by what muscles?

A

concentric activity of anterior cervical muscles

32
Q

Flexion of the lower cervical spine is guided by what muscles?

A

eccentric activity of the semispinalis, longissimus and splenius

33
Q

Flexion of the lower cervical spine is limited by what?

A

eccentric activity of posterior neck muscles

elastic limits of myofascial tissue

Nuchal, flaval and PLL

joint capsule

posterior IVD distraction

anterior IVD compression

chin hitting chest

34
Q

Extension of the lower cervical spine is initiated by what muscles?

A

concentric activity of posterior cervical muscles

35
Q

Extension of the lower cervical spine is guided by what muscles?

A

eccentric activity of SCM, scalenes, longus colli and longus capitis

36
Q

Extension of the lower cervical spine is limited by what?

A

eccentric activity of anterior neck muscles

elastic limits of myofascial tissue

anterior IVD distraction

posterior IVD compression

ALL

joint capsule

facet joint approximation

37
Q

Lateral flexion of the lower cervical spine is initiated by what muscles?

A

ipsilateral concentric contraction of lateral flexors

38
Q

Lateral flexion of the lower cervical spine is guided by what muscles?

A

contralateral eccentric contraction of lateral flexors

39
Q

Lateral flexion of the lower cervical spine is limited by what?

A

contralateral eccentric muscle activity

elastic limits of myofascial tissue

tension of contralateral joint capsule, periarticular and flaval ligaments

contralateral IVD distraction

ipsilateral IVD compression

ipsilateral articular pillars/facet joint approximation

40
Q

Rotation of the lower cervical spine is initiated by what muscles?

A

concentric contraction of ipsilateral splenius capitis and cervicis, longissimus cervicis

concentric contraction of contralateral semispinalis cervicis and SCM

41
Q

Rotation of the lower cervical spine is guided by what muscles?

A

concentric contraction of contralateral splenius capitis and cervicis, longissimus cervicis

concentric contraction of ipsilateral semispinalis cervicis and SCM

42
Q

Rotation of the lower cervical spine is limited by what?

A

capsular and periarticular ligaments

segmental muscles

facet joints

43
Q

What are the possible views to obtain by X-ray of the lower cervical spine?

A

AP cervical

lateral cervical

obliques

flexion/extension studies

Spinal Kinetics & Kinematics (10 decks)

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