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Spinal Kinetics & Kinematics > VI. Upper cervical biomechanics (C0-C1-C2) > Flashcards

VI. Upper cervical biomechanics (C0-C1-C2) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most complex, specialized and unique area of the spine?

A

upper cervical

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2
Q

What is the dichotomous function of the upper cervical spine?

A

mobility and stability

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3
Q

What type of headache is often associated with dysfunction in the upper cervical spine?

A

cervicogenic headache

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4
Q

The upper cervical area is the emphasis of many chiropractic techniques including……

A

-Grostic -Nucca -Hole in one -Palmer Specific -Atlas Orthogonal -Blair -Kale

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5
Q

Are the condyles of the occiput concave or convex?

A

convex (steeper anteriorly)

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6
Q

What direction do the articular surfaces of the occipital condyles face?

A

laterally and inferiorly

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7
Q

The articular surfaces of the occipital condyles are widest _____ and narrowest _____.

A

posteriorly : anteriorly

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8
Q

Are the superior articular facets of the atlas concave or convex?

A

concave (compliment condyles of occiput)

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9
Q

What direction do the articular surfaces of the superior articular facets of Atlas face?

A

medially and superiorly

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10
Q

The superior articular surfaces of atlas are slightly wider ______

A

posteriorly

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11
Q

Both the condyles of the occiput and the superior facets of atlas converge ______

A

anteriorly

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12
Q

What is the combined (flexion/extension) segmental range of motion for the C0-C1 joint?

A

25º

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13
Q

Which flexion/extension segmental range of motion is greatest in the cervical spine?

A

C0-C1 with 25 degrees

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14
Q

Where is the IAR for flexion and extension of the C0-C1 joint?

A

just above the odontoid

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15
Q

What is the kinematic pattern of motion for flexion and extension in the C0-C1 joint?

A

predominantly in the sagittal plane with insignificant coupling

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16
Q

During cervical flexion, a large percentage of the population will extend at C0-C1 at the end renge of cervical flexion. This is called_____.

A

paradoxical movement of the occiput

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17
Q

It is hypothesized that paradoxical movement of the occiput results from what?

A

the tension in the posterior cervical muscles and possibly the nuchal ligaments

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18
Q

During flexion, the posterior joint surface of C0 glides ____ (up/down) the articular surface of C1 as the anterior surface glides ____ (up/down) and the gap ____ (widens/narrows) between the occiput and the posterior arch of the atlas.

A

up : down : widens

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19
Q

During extension, the posterior joint surface of C0 glides ____ (up/down) the articular surface of C1 as the anterior surface glides ____ (up/down) and the gap ____ (widens/narrows) between the occiput and the posterior arch of the atlas.

A

down : up : narrows

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20
Q

During flexion, the occiput rolls ____ (anteriorly/posteriorly) and slides ____ (anteriorly/posteriorly)

A

anteriorly : posteriorly

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21
Q

During extension, the occiput rolls ____ (anteriorly/posteriorly) and slides ____ (anteriorly/posteriorly)

A

posteriorly : anteriorly

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22
Q

What is the segmental range of motion for lateral flexion of the C0-C1 joint?

A

5º to each side

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23
Q

What limits range of lateral flexion of the C0-C1 joint?

A

alar ligaments

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24
Q

What is the IAR for lateral flexion of the C0-C1 joint?

A

midway between ondontoid tip and EOP

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25
What is the kinematic pattern of motion for lateral flexion of the C0-C1 joint?
predominantly a movement in the coronal plane with contralateral coupled rotation
26
On the side of lateral flexion, the articular surface of C0 is gliding ____ (up/down) the articular surface of C1 as the side opposite the lateral flexion is gliding ____ (up/down).
down : up
27
What is the segemental range of motion for rotation at the C0-C1 joint?
5º the each side
28
What limits the segmental range of motion for rotation of the C0-C1 joint?
articular anatomy and connections of the alar ligament
29
Which segment of the cervical spine has the most range of motion for rotation?
C1-C2
30
What is the IAR for rotation of the C0-C1 joint?
it has not been experimentally determined
31
What is the kinematic pattern of motion for rotation of the C0-C1 joint?
descriptions of movement are limited
32
On the side of rotation, the C0 articular surface slides ____ (anterior/posterior) and ____ (superior/inferior) on the articular surface of C1 while on the side opposite the rotation it slides ____ and \_\_\_\_.
posterior : superior anterior : superior
33
Describe the inferior facets of C1
circular in shape, convex, directly below superior facets face inferiorly and medially
34
Describe the superior facets of C2
oval shape, slightly convex face superiorly and laterally
35
The gutter at the posterior ondontoid, where the transverse ligament lies, is lined with what?
fibrocartilage
36
The odontoid/atlas joint is imbedded in _____ tissue and lacks a \_\_\_\_\_
adipose : capsule
37
What is the segmental range of motion for combined flexion and extension of the C1-C2 joint?
20 degrees
38
What is the IAR for flexion/extension of the C1-C2 joint?
in the middle third of the dens
39
What is the kinematic pattern of motion of the C1-C2 joint in flexion/extension?
angular sagittal plane motion coupled with slight sagittal plane translation Flexion = +θ x with slight +z Extension = -θ x with slight -z
40
In flexion of the C1-C2 joint, the posterior joint surfaes and posterior arches _____ (separate/approximate) as the atlas articular surfaces slide (posteriorly/anteriorly)
separate : posteriorly
41
In extension of the C1-C2 joint, the posterior joint surfaes and posterior arches _____ (separate/approximate) as the atlas articular surfaces slide (posteriorly/anteriorly)
approximate : anteriorly
42
What is the segemental range of motion for lateral flexion of the C1-C2 joint?
averages 5 degrees to each side
43
What is the IAR for lateral flexion of the C1-C2 joint?
undetermined
44
What is the kinematic pattern of motion for lateral flexion of the C1-C2 joint?
coronal plane angular movement with translation in the coronal plane toward the side of lateral flexion
45
C1 articular surfaces translate on the C2 articular surfaces ____ (toward/away from) the side of lateral flexion with slight tilting between the joint surfaces.
toward
46
What is the segmental range of motion for rotation of the C1-C2 joint?
average of 40 degrees to each side
47
The first how degrees of cervical rotation occur exclusively at C1-C2?
25 degrees
48
Approximately how much of cervical rotation occurs at the C1-C2 joint?
half
49
What is the IAR for rotation of the C1-C2 joint?
vertical axis in center of the dens
50
What is the kinematic pattern of motion for rotation of the C1-C2 joint?
Atlas rotates around the dens in the horizontal plane with coupled vertical translation
51
During rotation of the C1-C2 joint, the C1 articular surface slides ____ (anterior/posterior) on the side of rotation and ____ (anterior/posterior) on the side opposite rotation.
posterior : anterior
52
What anterior muscles are invovled in kinetics of the upper cervicals?
rectus capitis anterior longus capitis
53
What posterior muscles are invovled in kinetics of the upper cervicals?
rectus capitis posterior major rectus capitis posterior minor obliquus capitis superior obliquus capitis inferior
54
What lateral muscles are involved in kinetics of the upper cervicals?
rectus capitis lateralis
55
What muscles initiate flexion of the upper cervical spine?
bilateral anterior concentric activity of rectus capitis anterior and longus capitis
56
What muscle guide flexion of the upper cervical spine?
bilateral posterior eccentric conctraction of subocciptals
57
Flexion of the upper cervical spine is limited by?
eccentric activity of suboccipital muscles joint capsule PLL nuchal ligaments cruciate ligaments chin hitting sternum
58
What muscle initiate extension of the upper cervical spine?
bilateral concentric activity of suboccipitals
59
What muscles guide extension of the upper cervical spine?
bilateral eccentric activity of rectus capitis anterior and longus capitis
60
Extension of the upper cervical spine is limited by?
eccentric activity of anterior musculature ALL anterior atlanto-occipital membrane capsular ligaments cruciate ligaments impact of occiput on posterior C1 impact of posterior arch of C1 on SP of C2
61
What muscles initiate lateral flexion of the upper cervical spine?
concentric contraction of ipsilateral rectus capitis lateralis
62
What muscles guide lateral flexion of the upper cervical spine?
eccentric contraction of contralateral rectus capitis lateralis
63
Lateral flexion of the upper cervical spine is limited by?
eccentric activity or lengthening of contralateral rectus capitis lateralis capsular ligaments lateral atlanto-occipital and occipital ligaments alar ligaments
64
What initiates and guides rotation of the upper cervical spine?
movement is a combination of concentric activity on the side of rotation balanced by eccentric activity on the side opposite of rotation
65
Rotation of the upper cervical spine is limited by?
contralateral eccentric muscle activity apical and alar ligaments at C0-C1 cruciate ligaments at C1-C2 articular design of C0-C1
66
What are the possible views to obtain by X-ray of the upper cervical spine?
AP open mouth lateral cervical

Spinal Kinetics & Kinematics (10 decks)

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