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Spinal Kinetics & Kinematics > I. Introduction > Flashcards

I. Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Pronation in gait

A

Eversion

Lateral movement of calcaneus, pronation subtalar joint

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2
Q

Supination in gait

A

Inversion

Medial movement calcaneus, supination subtalar joint

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3
Q

Name the phases (and percentages) of gait

A

Stance phase - 60%

  1. heel strike - 27%
  2. midstance - 40%
  3. propulsive period - 33%

Swing phase - 40%

  1. acceleration phase
  2. midswing
  3. deceleration
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4
Q

Stance phase is the _____ phase while swing phase is the ______.

A

weight bearing; toe-off to heel strike

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5
Q

What happens in heel strike phase?

A

Toe-off opposite foot
Knee extended
Foot dorsiflexed
Leg decelerating
Subtalar joint pronating throughout (foot itself is supinated)

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6
Q

Function of heel strike phase

A

Transfer weight and shock absorption

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7
Q

Key points of midstance phase:

A
  • Weight-bearing period between foot flat and heel lift
  • Toe-off completed for opposite foot
  • Foot in full contact with floor
  • Subtalar joint supinated (though food is moving to pronation)
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8
Q

Major functions of midstance

A
  • Bearing weight
  • Convert foot from adaptive shock absorber to rigid lever for propulsion
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9
Q

Propulsive period key points:

A
  • Period between heel life and toe-off
  • Subtalar supination continued and completed (foot is pronated
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10
Q

Functions of propulsive period

A

Transfer weight from lateral to medial side of foot and to ball and toes for even propulsion

Shifting weight of body to other foot

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11
Q

Swing phase includes:

A

Toe-off to heel strike

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12
Q

Acceleration phase key points

A

Toe-off to midswing

Hip flexes to propel leg forward

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13
Q

Functional significance of acceleration phase

A

Transfer foot forward for next step

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14
Q

Midswing key points

A

Transition period between acceleration and deceleration

Halfway point of swing phase

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15
Q

Deceleration key points

A

Midswing to heel strike

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16
Q

Major function of deceleration

A

Decelerates limb to prep for contact and weight transfer

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17
Q

Six classical gait determinants

A
  • Pelvic rotation
  • Pelvic tilt
  • Pelvis shift
  • Knee flexion
  • Knee-ankle relationship
  • Hip flexion
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18
Q

Efficient gait has minimal [vertical/horizontal] oscillations

A

Vertical

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19
Q

What are determinants?

A

Biomechanical properties which decrease vertical oscillations and allow for more efficient motion

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20
Q

What is normal oscillation pattern?

A

High point is midstance

Low point is double weight bearing (10% of gait)

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21
Q

What is pelvic rotation

A

Rotation of entire pelvic away from the side of the forward leg

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22
Q

What is the degree of pelvic rotation is walking gait?

A

4˚ to each side

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23
Q

In pelvic rotation, vertical displacement decreased by

A

3/8”

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24
Q

What is the result of pelvic rotation?

A

Decreased angle between leg and floor, and between hip and leg

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25
Q

What happens in pelvic tilt?

A

Pelvis dips inferiority on swing side (4-6˚)

Opposite hip adducts (weight bearing hip)

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26
Q

What muscle prevents excessive adduction of weight bearing hip in pelvic tilt?

A

Gluteus medius

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27
Q

Pelvic tilt decreases vertical displacement

A

1/8”

28
Q

What happens in pelvis shift?

A

Pelvis shifts toward stance side about 1”

Hip adduction on stance side

29
Q

What does pelvis shift do?

A

Smoothies pelvic motion, helps maintain balance

30
Q

What happens in knee flexion?

A

Stance knee goes from full extension at heel strike to 15˚ flexion

31
Q

What is an important shock absorber?

A

Knee flexion

32
Q

Knee flexion decreases vertical displacement by

A

1/8”

33
Q

Knee-ankle relationship is saying:

A

Ankle is 90˚ at heel strike, then plantar flexion, then dorsiflexion

As heel raises during toe-off = vertical lift

34
Q

Hip flexion is the

A

Acceleration stage of swing phase

35
Q

What is happening in hip flexion?

A

Moves foot forward with minimal vertical undulation

36
Q

What are the prime movers of the muscles of gait

A

Hip flexors/extensor

37
Q

What are the stabilizers of the muscles of gait

A

Hip abductors/adductors

38
Q

What are the decelerates of the muscles of gait

A

Hamstrings and Gluteus Maximus to slow down swing

39
Q

7 Majors muscles of gait

A

Gluteus Maximus and medius Hamstrings Gastrocnemius and soleus Tibialis anterior Quadriceps Iliopsoas TFL

40
Q

Muscle activity in stance phase: heel strike

A
  • Hamstring activity decreases
  • Quads extend knee
  • Gluteus medius stabilizes pelvis, controls hip adduction with eccentric contraction
  • Paraspinal muscles keep pelvis from dipping excessively
  • Tibialis anterior dorsiflexes foot, eccentric contraction as foot makes contact
41
Q

Muscle activity in stance phase: mid stance

A
  • Body weight being pulled over foot by the body’s momentum
  • Gastrocnemius, soleus, and TFL braking and controlling
42
Q

Muscle activity in stance phase: toe off

A

Gastrocnemius and soleus contraction

43
Q

Muscle activity in swing phase: acceleration

A

Hip flexors (iliopsoas and quad and rectus femoris) flex hip and accelerate forward

Tibialis anterior contracts so toes clear floor

44
Q

Muscle activity in swing phase: deceleration

A
  • Gluteus Maximus contracts
  • Hamstrings decelerates and prepares limb for heel strike
45
Q

Concentric contraction

A

Muscle shortens - force generated is sufficient to overcome resistance

46
Q

Eccentric contraction

A

Muscle lengthens - force generated is insufficient to overcome resistance

47
Q

What does a physical exam show?

A
  • Integrity of the neuromuscular system
  • Nervous system integrity
  • Coordination and integration of movements
  • Muscle strength and health
  • Biomechanical integrity and stability of involved joints
48
Q

What is happening in gluteus medius lurch?

A
  • Weak or paralyzed gluteus medius (hip abductor)
  • Lean toward weak side to center gravity over stance leg
49
Q

What is Trendelenburg gait?

A
  • Weak gluteus medius
  • Lets opposite side hip sag excessively during swing phase
50
Q

What kind(s) of gait abnormality do you get with a weak/paralyzed Gluteus Medius?

A
  • Gluteus medius lurch or
  • Trendelenburg Gait
51
Q

What is the gluteus Maximus lurch?

A
  • Weak gluteus maximus
  • Shift pelvis anterior and thorax posterior to maintain hip extension
52
Q

What kind(s) of gait abnormality do you get with a weak/paralyzed Gluteus Maximus?

A

Gluteus maximus lurch

53
Q

What is the waddling gait?

A
  • Proximal lower extremity (hip, etc.) muscle atrophy, dystrophy
  • Feet wide apart; walk resembles a duck
54
Q

What kind(s) of gait abnormality do you get with weak quads?

A

Knees buckle into flexion

55
Q

Ataxic gait

A

Unsteadiness, staggering

56
Q

A gait that looks unsteady may be broadly categorized as:

A

Ataxic gait

57
Q

What is propulsive gait (festination)

A
  • Walk on toes as though being pushed, small steps
  • Starts slowly, then gets faster; may need to grab something to stop
58
Q

Festination is a typical gait abnormality of:

A

Parkinson’s disease

59
Q

Cerebellar gait

A

Reeling gait, may wander off to one side or the other

60
Q

Meniscus and crucial ligament tears lead to instability, called:

A

Joint injury gait

61
Q

Pain can cause gait abnormality from:

A
  • Trauma
  • Joint disease
  • Limping
62
Q

Antalgic gait results from pain, what is it?

A

Protective gait; pain anywhere in the body

63
Q

What kind(s) of gait abnormality do you get with a weak dorsiflexor?

A
  • Foot drop
  • Steppage
64
Q

What phase of gait does weak dorsiflexor fit into?

A

Swing phase

65
Q

Foot drop could be a sign of:

A

L4 nerve lesion

66
Q

What kind(s) of gait abnormality do you get with a hypomobile joint (ie hip or knee)?

A

Swing leg out to the side (circumsduction gait)

Swing hip higher (hip hike gait)

67
Q

What is spastic paraplegia or scissors gait:

A

Legs cross midline

Bilateral contractural changes (adductors)

Partial paralysis

Spinal Kinetics & Kinematics (10 decks)

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