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Spinal Kinetics & Kinematics > I. Introduction > Flashcards

I. Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Pronation in gait

A

Eversion

Lateral movement of calcaneus, pronation subtalar joint

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2
Q

Supination in gait

A

Inversion

Medial movement calcaneus, supination subtalar joint

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3
Q

Name the phases (and percentages) of gait

A

Stance phase - 60%

  1. heel strike - 27%
  2. midstance - 40%
  3. propulsive period - 33%

Swing phase - 40%

  1. acceleration phase
  2. midswing
  3. deceleration
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4
Q

Stance phase is the _____ phase while swing phase is the ______.

A

weight bearing; toe-off to heel strike

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5
Q

What happens in heel strike phase?

A

Toe-off opposite foot
Knee extended
Foot dorsiflexed
Leg decelerating
Subtalar joint pronating throughout (foot itself is supinated)

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6
Q

Function of heel strike phase

A

Transfer weight and shock absorption

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7
Q

Key points of midstance phase:

A
  • Weight-bearing period between foot flat and heel lift
  • Toe-off completed for opposite foot
  • Foot in full contact with floor
  • Subtalar joint supinated (though food is moving to pronation)
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8
Q

Major functions of midstance

A
  • Bearing weight
  • Convert foot from adaptive shock absorber to rigid lever for propulsion
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9
Q

Propulsive period key points:

A
  • Period between heel life and toe-off
  • Subtalar supination continued and completed (foot is pronated
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10
Q

Functions of propulsive period

A

Transfer weight from lateral to medial side of foot and to ball and toes for even propulsion

Shifting weight of body to other foot

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11
Q

Swing phase includes:

A

Toe-off to heel strike

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12
Q

Acceleration phase key points

A

Toe-off to midswing

Hip flexes to propel leg forward

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13
Q

Functional significance of acceleration phase

A

Transfer foot forward for next step

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14
Q

Midswing key points

A

Transition period between acceleration and deceleration

Halfway point of swing phase

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15
Q

Deceleration key points

A

Midswing to heel strike

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16
Q

Major function of deceleration

A

Decelerates limb to prep for contact and weight transfer

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17
Q

Six classical gait determinants

A
  • Pelvic rotation
  • Pelvic tilt
  • Pelvis shift
  • Knee flexion
  • Knee-ankle relationship
  • Hip flexion
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18
Q

Efficient gait has minimal [vertical/horizontal] oscillations

A

Vertical

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19
Q

What are determinants?

A

Biomechanical properties which decrease vertical oscillations and allow for more efficient motion

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20
Q

What is normal oscillation pattern?

A

High point is midstance

Low point is double weight bearing (10% of gait)

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21
Q

What is pelvic rotation

A

Rotation of entire pelvic away from the side of the forward leg

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22
Q

What is the degree of pelvic rotation is walking gait?

A

4˚ to each side

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23
Q

In pelvic rotation, vertical displacement decreased by

A

3/8”

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24
Q

What is the result of pelvic rotation?

A

Decreased angle between leg and floor, and between hip and leg

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25
What happens in pelvic tilt?
Pelvis dips inferiority on swing side (4-6˚) Opposite hip adducts (weight bearing hip)
26
What muscle prevents excessive adduction of weight bearing hip in pelvic tilt?
Gluteus medius
27
Pelvic tilt decreases vertical displacement
1/8”
28
What happens in pelvis shift?
Pelvis shifts toward stance side about 1” Hip adduction on stance side
29
What does pelvis shift do?
Smoothies pelvic motion, helps maintain balance
30
What happens in knee flexion?
Stance knee goes from full extension at heel strike to 15˚ flexion
31
What is an important shock absorber?
Knee flexion
32
Knee flexion decreases vertical displacement by
1/8”
33
Knee-ankle relationship is saying:
Ankle is 90˚ at heel strike, then plantar flexion, then dorsiflexion As heel raises during toe-off = vertical lift
34
Hip flexion is the
Acceleration stage of swing phase
35
What is happening in hip flexion?
Moves foot forward with minimal vertical undulation
36
What are the prime movers of the muscles of gait
Hip flexors/extensor
37
What are the stabilizers of the muscles of gait
Hip abductors/adductors
38
What are the decelerates of the muscles of gait
Hamstrings and Gluteus Maximus to slow down swing
39
7 Majors muscles of gait
Gluteus Maximus and medius Hamstrings Gastrocnemius and soleus Tibialis anterior Quadriceps Iliopsoas TFL
40
Muscle activity in stance phase: heel strike
* Hamstring activity decreases * Quads extend knee * Gluteus medius stabilizes pelvis, controls hip adduction with eccentric contraction * Paraspinal muscles keep pelvis from dipping excessively * Tibialis anterior dorsiflexes foot, eccentric contraction as foot makes contact
41
Muscle activity in stance phase: mid stance
* Body weight being pulled over foot by the body’s momentum * Gastrocnemius, soleus, and TFL braking and controlling
42
Muscle activity in stance phase: toe off
Gastrocnemius and soleus contraction
43
Muscle activity in swing phase: acceleration
Hip flexors (iliopsoas and quad and rectus femoris) flex hip and accelerate forward Tibialis anterior contracts so toes clear floor
44
Muscle activity in swing phase: deceleration
* Gluteus Maximus contracts * Hamstrings decelerates and prepares limb for heel strike
45
Concentric contraction
Muscle shortens - force generated is sufficient to overcome resistance
46
Eccentric contraction
Muscle lengthens - force generated is insufficient to overcome resistance
47
What does a physical exam show?
* Integrity of the neuromuscular system * Nervous system integrity * Coordination and integration of movements * Muscle strength and health * Biomechanical integrity and stability of involved joints
48
What is happening in gluteus medius lurch?
* Weak or paralyzed gluteus medius (hip abductor) * Lean toward weak side to center gravity over stance leg
49
What is Trendelenburg gait?
* Weak gluteus medius * Lets opposite side hip sag excessively during swing phase
50
What kind(s) of gait abnormality do you get with a weak/paralyzed Gluteus Medius?
* Gluteus medius lurch or * Trendelenburg Gait
51
What is the gluteus Maximus lurch?
* Weak gluteus maximus * Shift pelvis anterior and thorax posterior to maintain hip extension
52
What kind(s) of gait abnormality do you get with a weak/paralyzed Gluteus Maximus?
Gluteus maximus lurch
53
What is the waddling gait?
* Proximal lower extremity (hip, etc.) muscle atrophy, dystrophy * Feet wide apart; walk resembles a duck
54
What kind(s) of gait abnormality do you get with weak quads?
Knees buckle into flexion
55
Ataxic gait
Unsteadiness, staggering
56
A gait that looks unsteady may be broadly categorized as:
Ataxic gait
57
What is propulsive gait (festination)
* Walk on toes as though being pushed, small steps * Starts slowly, then gets faster; may need to grab something to stop
58
Festination is a typical gait abnormality of:
Parkinson’s disease
59
Cerebellar gait
Reeling gait, may wander off to one side or the other
60
Meniscus and crucial ligament tears lead to instability, called:
Joint injury gait
61
Pain can cause gait abnormality from:
* Trauma * Joint disease * Limping
62
Antalgic gait results from pain, what is it?
Protective gait; pain anywhere in the body
63
What kind(s) of gait abnormality do you get with a weak dorsiflexor?
* Foot drop * Steppage
64
What phase of gait does weak dorsiflexor fit into?
Swing phase
65
Foot drop could be a sign of:
L4 nerve lesion
66
What kind(s) of gait abnormality do you get with a hypomobile joint (ie hip or knee)?
Swing leg out to the side (circumsduction gait) Swing hip higher (hip hike gait)
67
What is spastic paraplegia or scissors gait:
Legs cross midline Bilateral contractural changes (adductors) Partial paralysis

Spinal Kinetics & Kinematics (10 decks)

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