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Biology 3015: Wildlife Ecotourism > Viewing Animals in the Wild Part B > Flashcards

Viewing Animals in the Wild Part B Flashcards

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1
Q

-% of tourists are nature tourists.

A

40-60%

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2
Q

Of the 40-60% of tourists that are nature tourists only -% were wildlife related.

A

20-40%

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3
Q

What is the number one outdoor recreational activity in US?

A

wildlife tourism

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4
Q

With the increase of wildlife tourism in China what motto goes with it??

A

Touching, understanding and protecting nature

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5
Q

How much money did China just pledge to Africa to end ivory poaching?

A
  • 10 million

L> 20 rhinos killed so far this year….60 elephants

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6
Q

How much is one elephant worth per year alive in Africa?

A
  • 20, 000 per year via tourism

L> china does this to gain access to natural resources

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7
Q

Some Wildlife tourisms look for specific ___ and ___.

A

flora and fauna

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8
Q

Some tourists are wildlife ____ and others take ___. Some seek to be ____ and ___ while others seek to be ____.

A
  • enthusiasts
  • day trip
  • informed, educated
  • entertained
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9
Q

What are the psychographic characteristics of wildlife tourists?

A
  1. environmental ethic
  2. intrinsic motivation
  3. Biocentric (environment first not humans)
  4. Aim to benefit wildlife and the environment
  5. First hand experience
  6. Expect education and interpretative element
    * * they want to see where the money is going and learn something from the experience…not just snapping photos!
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10
Q

Given sustained and increasing interest with wildlife tourism there is an increase in?

A

risk of negative impact

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11
Q

Are impacts from wildlife tourism always one way?

A

no its not…..

L> impacts can be dreaded by tourists on the wildlife

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12
Q

Are impacts from wildlife tourism always negative?

A

no…..it can be a peak emotional experience

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13
Q

What influences the enjoyment experienced by whale watchers?

A
  1. number of whales and their behaviour
  2. number of passengers
  3. cruise duration
  4. seasickness
  5. geographical proximity of the whales was not a major influence on satisfaction
    L> whale watching is not just about whales! its about the broad educational explanation!
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14
Q

What does not influence the enjoyment experienced by whale watchers?

A

geographical proximity of the whales was not a major influence on satisfaction
L> whale watching is not just about whales! its about the broad educational explanation!

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15
Q

Case Study: The penguin place

L>location?

A

New Zealand

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16
Q

Case Study: The penguin place

- species?

A

yellow eyed penguin
L> most endangered species of penguins in the world
L> usually live in grassy areas
* tourism encounters helps saving this species

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17
Q

Case Study: The penguin place

- virtually all visitors say what about the experience?

A

-that it was positive and was due to getting close with the penguins
L> enjoyment of viewing wildlife in their natural environment
- enhances awareness
- mood benefits

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18
Q

Case Study: The penguin place

- viewing is a complex, _____ encounter.

A

sensory

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19
Q

Case Study: The penguin place

- tourism pays for??

A

conservation

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20
Q

Case Study: The penguin place

- breeding pairs peaked in ___ at __ pairs

A

1996
36 (72 birds)
L> fluctuates year to year

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21
Q

Case Study: The penguin place

- In 2004 what occurred?

A
  • infection that wiped out 60% chicks
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22
Q

Case Study: The penguin place

- there is a loss of?

A

habitat

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23
Q

Case Study: The penguin place

-what is something they are trying to reduce?

A

introduced mammals
L> biggest danger for birds in general
L> cats, ferrets, stouts on chicks; dogs on adults.

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24
Q

The stakeholders:

Wide range??(5)

A
  • Host communities (ppl impacted directly)
  • tourists
  • operators
  • managers
  • whole range of other groups (NGO etc)
  • *all of these individuals should be involved in the ecotourism
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25
Q

The stakeholders:

Local community should benefit how??(4)

A
  • financial
  • employment
  • increased services and facilities
  • better planning, management and operation of WT.
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26
Q

Case Study: Campfire program:

- what does CAMPFIRE stand for?

A
  • communal area management program for indigenous resources
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27
Q

Case Study: Campfire program:

-there is clash between who?

A

tribal community and wildlife reserve

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28
Q

Case Study: Campfire program:

- they began ____ and helping ____.

A

poaching, commercial poachers

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29
Q

Case Study: Campfire program:

- commercial hunting was allowed with percentage of ___ and ___.

A

revenue and meat

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30
Q

Case Study: Campfire program:

- they have recently been doing ___ tours and building ___.

A
  • photographic

- lodges

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31
Q

Case Study: Campfire program:

- dealing in animal body parts = / major via gun trafficking and drugs.

A

1/3

32
Q

Case Study: Campfire program:

- Criticisms??

A
  • they have come from Western non-governmental organizations such as the Human Society who oppose hunting African elephants and other wildlife under the campfire program.
33
Q

Case Study: Campfire program:

-Proponents of CAMPFIRE?

A
  • argue that westerners do not understand the complexities of the wildlife management in Zimbabwe
34
Q

Stakeholders continued:

-Local communities should have ??

A

opportunities for involvement in development, protection of lifestyles and have interaction with visitors if desired.

35
Q

Stakeholders continued:

- Local communities being involved is important for ____ and _____.

A
  • tourist experience

- cultural interaction is often sought by tourists

36
Q

What is a big concern for trophy hunting?

A
  • they go for the largest and healthiest animal.
37
Q

Stakeholders continued:

- Involvement of the local community can occur in what two ways?

A
  • In decision process of development
    L> community should be acknowledged as a key group
    L> OFTEN NOT THE CASE. (especially in remote areas)
  • benefits which include via spin off.
    L> quality of life
    L> financial…should receive training to help maximize
38
Q

Case Study: Community Howler Monkey Sanctuary in Belize:

-They convinced farmers to do what?

A
  • leave strips of forest along farm plots to benefit monkeys
    L> allow monkeys to move through land
39
Q

Case Study: Community Howler Monkey Sanctuary in Belize:

- Forests help with ___ and ___

A
  • helped with soil erosion and cleaned water

L> vegetation helps clean water and cleaning out land would actually increase soil erosion.

40
Q

Case Study: Community Howler Monkey Sanctuary in Belize:

-local community serve as?

A
  • guides, cooks and lodge providers
41
Q

Case Study: Community Howler Monkey Sanctuary in Belize:

-___ tourists a year

A

6000

KEEPS IT SUSTAINABLE

42
Q

Case Study: Community Howler Monkey Sanctuary in Belize:

- the money from this tourist experience goes where?

A

directly into the community and not other government companies overseas….

43
Q

Stakeholders continued:
-Tourism in Arctic :
L> number increases/decreases/stays the same each year.

A

increases

44
Q

Stakeholders continued:
-Tourism in Arctic :
L>__ and __ is a problem

A

litter and waste

45
Q

Stakeholders continued:
-Tourism in Arctic :
L> WWF (World Wildlife Tourism) and other stake holders to interrogate?

A 
conservation with tourism 
L> scientists 
L> academics 
L> NGO's 
L> all levels of government
46
Q

Case Study: Polar Bears:

- What is the issue posed with this?

A

In the rush to see them before they disappear are travellers adding to the problem or will their education about the fragile arctic ecosystem help to safeguard the environment and the animals for generations to come.

47
Q

Case Study: Polar Bears:

Where is the polar bear capital of the world?

A

Churchhill Manitoba

48
Q

Case Study: Polar Bears:

-What is the relationship between the States and Canada for hunting polar bears?

A
  • canada still allows america to come and hunt them BUT importation of bear parts to the us is illegal.
49
Q

Case Study: Polar Bears:
- Both tourists and industry are intent on pushing into formerly unknown realms - and little is known about how to alleviate grown conflict with the bears in an _____ habitat.

A
  • increasingly crowded habitat
    L> tundra buggy
    L> lodge dmg to the environment
50
Q

Case Study: Polar Bears:

- benefits?

A
  • Polar bear tourism has profoundly important benefits for the bear and for the arctic ecosystem by raising awareness about arctic environments
    L> steve morello
    L> Ian sterling
51
Q

Case Study: Polar Bears:

what have studies revealed about tundra vehicle activity?

A
  • it has altered behaviour patterns in the polar bears.

L> changing also the environment

52
Q

Case Study: Polar Bears:

- what other problems may occur with human polar bear encounters?

A
  • they become more aggressive with humans because of feeding and exposure
  • evasive species
53
Q

Case Study: Polar Bears:

- Polar bears are also harvested every year… - annually.

A

500-700

54
Q

Case Study: Polar Bears:

- which bears are protected from hunting?

A

mother sand cubs

55
Q

Case Study: Polar Bears:

- what harvesting bias is present?

A
  • towards hunting of males
    L> since mum and cubs are protected males are over hunted ……the largest male is most desirable thereby reducing genetic diversity…
56
Q

Case Study: Polar Bears:

- sport hunting in Canada is a source of ?

A

income for the community

57
Q

Case Study: Polar Bears:

- downside for hunters?

A
  • not guaranteed a kill

- still concern of over harvesting in certain areas.

58
Q

Case Study: Polar Bears:

- what is the population of polar bears?

A
  • 20,000 bears and its not evenly distributed
59
Q

Polices:

- Around the world many communities are attempting some sort of tourism. Abrupt transformations are occurring but ?

A
  • people have very little information
    L> most are experiencing expectations and disappointment yet tourism still continues to grow.
    AKA no long range goal, no control and no regulation.
60
Q

Polices:

- With Wildlife tourism __ sustainability is key.

A

ecological

61
Q

Polices:

-What points are needed to be met to ensure ecological sustainability?(5)

A
  1. overal protection and enhancement
  2. important to identify resource values
  3. Integrate values into decision making processes
  4. helps determine size, location and type of activity
  5. understanding policies is essential…interface btwn private enterprise and public management (politics, society and management)
62
Q

Polices:

- do a lot of polices exist specific to wildlife tourism?

A
  • few
63
Q

Polices:

- many policies do affect the ___ and ___ of wildlife tourism even if only in an indirect manner.

A
  • management and delivery
64
Q

Polices:

-Management serves three main objectives. What are they?

A
  1. reduction of adverse environmental impacts
  2. contribution to local communities
  3. enhancement of tourist experiences
65
Q

Polices:

- management should be high/low key and ___.

A

low, persuasive

66
Q

Management:
- __ and __ through interpretation is the key to affecting tourist behaviour in ways considered to be environmentally and socially acceptable.

A
  • explanation and education
67
Q

Management:
- Explain Soft, intermediate and hard in terms of education and explanation conveyed to tourists to affect their behaviour via wildlife tourism.

A
  1. Soft: code of ethics, environmental information and education
  2. Intermediate: concentration vs dispersion, information dissemination.
  3. Hard: advanced reservation, differential pricing, fees and queuing.
68
Q

Management:
- One policy is to contain facilities and activities in??
L> tourists must…?
L> What are some of the many approaches?

A
  • specified areas in contrast to allowing dispersion throughout a region.
  • tourists must remain in clusters or take day tours
    L> pros and cons
    L> managing access to wildlife, wildlife viewing and feeding, wildlife education and interpretation.
69
Q

Case Study: Monkey Mia, Shark Bay, Western Australia:

- ___ and ___ are seen. Such as?

A
  • marine fauna and flora

L> manatees, sharks, whales, dugongs, manta and rays

70
Q

Case Study: Monkey Mia, Shark Bay, Western Australia:

- over ___,___ visitors a year (___/ day in July)

A

100,000

500

71
Q

Case Study: Monkey Mia, Shark Bay, Western Australia:

- International tourists are about __% of the over 100,000 visitors a year.

A

40%

72
Q

Case Study: Monkey Mia, Shark Bay, Western Australia:

- the ecotourism companies there want to increase visitors to what per day?

A
  • 700/day is suggested

L> which would generate more money for residents.

73
Q

Science and Wildlife tourism:

- It is argued that conventional wildlife biology (behaviour) does not provide what?

A
  • adequate answers to the crisis that many species are in because of human impacts on them
74
Q

Science and Wildlife tourism:

- explain conservation biology!

A
  • investigating such impacts done by humans on wildlife as well as developing appropriate management strategies to conserve threatened species.
75
Q

Contribution to Conservation from wildlife tourism:

- One of the most contributions from wildlife tourism is what?

A
  • conservation
76
Q

Contribution to Conservation from wildlife tourism:

- What underpins this type of tourism?

A

conservation!

77
Q

Contribution to Conservation from wildlife tourism:

- An economic rationale has been made for what?

A
  • the exploitation of wildlife for non consumptive tourism. Part of sustainable political philosophy for protected area managers and agencies.

Biology 3015: Wildlife Ecotourism (10 decks)

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