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Biology 3015: Wildlife Ecotourism > Human Dimension of Wildlife Interactions > Flashcards

Human Dimension of Wildlife Interactions Flashcards

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1
Q

Human dimension is ____ in scope.

A
  • interdisciplinary
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2
Q

Will explore general issues surrounding ??

A

human interests in wildlife, development of human-wildlife relationships, the nature and role of such relationships in human life and the consequences of these interactions

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3
Q

Many factors are ___ in nature

A

psychological

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4
Q

Many factors are psychological in nature:

- Need to explore ways in which wildlife enters???

A

psychological and cultural symbolic processes

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5
Q

Many factors are psychological in nature:

- Helps us understand why wildlife tourism exists in the first place…(things to consider?? 4)

A
  • motivation?
  • sustaining?
  • need?
  • how is it manifested ?
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6
Q

Psychological Foundations of Human-Wildlife Relations:

- Two main questions?

A
  1. Why are we so attracted and interested in?

2. What is it that determines our feelings, concern and connectedness our behaviour and go to such lengths?

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7
Q

Psychological Foundations of Human-Wildlife Relations:
- Human need for and response to nature:
L> give an explanation as to why..(think bio..)

A
  • steeped deep in evolutionary history
  • function of much of human behaviour is to further our chances of survival and is guided by inherited behavioural tendencies acquired by our species through evolution
  • Biophilia
    L> innate human need for contact
    **understand and explain human need to contact wild animals..evolutionary?
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8
Q

Psychological Foundations of Human-Wildlife Relations:
-Human need for and response to nature:
L> Biophilia hypothesis? huh?

A
  • used to investigate human affiliation with nature
  • has critic s
  • alternative form is that of learned response
  • others say it is an integrated approach… Response to nature emerges from an interaction of both innate and experiential forces…
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9
Q

Psychological Foundations of Human-Wildlife Relations:
-Human need for and response to nature:
L> Two schools of thought?

A
  • Biophilia : evolutionary…
  • Learned Response: it is learnt not innate..
  • ** third one: Mixture of the two! …..genetic predisposition….= range….experience places you on that range!
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10
Q

Psychological Foundations of Human-Wildlife Relations:
- Effects of nature on humans:
L> Nature tend to be more ___ than ___

A
  • beneficial
  • not
  • *overall….. decreases BP…and stress etc.. a lot of psychological and physiological benefits!
  • *vacation need
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11
Q

Psychological Foundations of Human-Wildlife Relations:
- Effects of nature on humans:
L> Most frameworks explain responses in terms of?

A
  • human health, well being and quality of life issues
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12
Q

Psychological Foundations of Human-Wildlife Relations:
- Effects of nature on humans:
L> Four broad themes?

A
  • Restoration
  • Competence building
  • Symbolic meaning ( of the animal )
  • Stimulation / curiosity ( adrenal rush etc)
  • *first two are what we focused on in class**
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13
Q

Psychological Foundations of Human-Wildlife Relations:
- Restorative effects of nature?
L> Issues?

A
  • stress reduction
  • supported by studies in labs, work environments and in national parks and WHA!
  • hard to separate the effects of the natural environment from the actual wildlife encounter
  • ** People that go into the wild have a stress decrease BUT how much of it is due to just being there vs the wildlife itself…. Do we just generalize our response?
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14
Q

Psychological Foundations of Human-Wildlife Relations:
- In pursuit of competence:
- Ability of natural environments to facilitate a?
well documented cases
L> example of a program that does this

A
  • heightened individual sense of control, competency, self esteem, self reliance and self confidence is well documented
    L> example: Outward bound style wilderness programs: they challenge you to do things you may not normally do…bringing up self esteem! been well documented ..YOU are the centre of the program…. BUT it is nature based… effects carry over…
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15
Q

Psychological Foundations of Human-Wildlife Relations:
- Affiliations with animals
L> Understanding relationships with animals has direct what?

A
  • implications for wildlife tourism
    • Dog visits: therapeutic ability of interactions with people that have psychological difficulties and adds longevity to the elderly…
  • ** Horseback riding
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16
Q

Psychological Foundations of Human-Wildlife Relations:
- Affiliations with animals
L> Increasingly important in the last?

A
  • few decades
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17
Q

Psychological Foundations of Human-Wildlife Relations:
- Affiliations with animals
L> Discussion has centred on the role of animals in satisfying what?

A
  • human needs for entertainment, companionship and of course scientific and medical research
  • ***** Companionship should be with domestic animals only theoretically…. (in states you can have a pet tiger)
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18
Q

Psychological Foundations of Human-Wildlife Relations:
- Affiliations with animals
L> what have been emerging?

A
  • animal welfare and rights are no emerging
    L> Blackfish
    L> PETA ( People for the ethical treatment of animals)
    L> IFAW (International fund for animal welfare: …care and treatment)
    L> Humane Society
    **these are all getting more and more involved…
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19
Q

Psychological Foundations of Human-Wildlife Relations:
- Affiliations with animals
L> Companionship?

A
  • positive or restorative effect?
  • presence of animals can instigate higher levels of relaxation
  • presence of animals, their behaviour, their touch, their attention, make the world a more comfortable place.. **for most people
  • *DOMESTIC ANIMALS
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20
Q

Psychological Foundations of Human-Wildlife Relations:
- Affiliations with animals
L> Bonding and emotional attachment?

A
  • emotional attachment to wildlife is a powerful psychological dimension of bonding
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21
Q

Psychological Foundations of Human-Wildlife Relations:
- Affiliations with animals
L> Biophilia?

A

has been used to explain emotional attachment

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22
Q

Psychological Foundations of Human-Wildlife Relations:
- Affiliations with animals
L> experience had to be in ?

A

nature itself for biophila to explain it

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23
Q

Psychological Foundations of Human-Wildlife Relations:
- Affiliations with animals
L> Women scientists?

A
  • most instructive accounts of human bonding and emotional attachment to wildlife vs men due to differences in psychological traits and make up…women have a greater ability to bond
  • *downside= become too attached not objective enough and lose perspective….
  • *born free**
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24
Q

Psychological Foundations of Human-Wildlife Relations:
- Affiliations with animals
L> Attributes of Wildlife :
- In order to understand human preference for and attraction to certain wildlife there is the need to look at ?

A

the attributes of those species

L> physical and behavioural characteristics

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25
Q

Psychological Foundations of Human-Wildlife Relations:
- Affiliations with animals
L> Attributes of Wildlife :
- In order to understand human preference for and attraction to certain wildlife there is the need to look at the attributes of those species:
L> Physical and behavioural characteristics??(5)

A
  1. Mental ability
  2. Phylogenic similarity
  3. Body shape and size
  4. Aesthetic appeal
  5. Ability to form attachments
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26
Q

Psychological Foundations of Human-Wildlife Relations:
- Affiliations with animals
L> Attributes of Wildlife :
- In order to understand human preference for and attraction to certain wildlife there is the need to look at the attributes of those species:
L> Physical and behavioural characteristics
- Mental ability?

A
  • how intelligent is the animal perceived to be ( we are similar, feel the same)
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27
Q

Psychological Foundations of Human-Wildlife Relations:
- Affiliations with animals
L> Attributes of Wildlife :
- In order to understand human preference for and attraction to certain wildlife there is the need to look at the attributes of those species:
L> Physical and behavioural characteristics
- Phylogenic similarity ?

A
  • closest they are to us genetically = stronger desire
28
Q

Psychological Foundations of Human-Wildlife Relations:
- Affiliations with animals
L> Attributes of Wildlife :
- In order to understand human preference for and attraction to certain wildlife there is the need to look at the attributes of those species:
L> Physical and behavioural characteristics
- Body shape and size?

A
  • large animals with aesthetically pleasing shape= desired! ( long, lean, sleek and fast)
29
Q

Psychological Foundations of Human-Wildlife Relations:
- Affiliations with animals
L> Attributes of Wildlife :
- In order to understand human preference for and attraction to certain wildlife there is the need to look at the attributes of those species:
L> Physical and behavioural characteristics
- Aesthetic appeal?

A
  • do they look pretty/cute? (fur especially!!)
30
Q

Psychological Foundations of Human-Wildlife Relations:
- Affiliations with animals
L> Attributes of Wildlife :
- In order to understand human preference for and attraction to certain wildlife there is the need to look at the attributes of those species:
L> Physical and behavioural characteristics
- Ability to form attachments?

A

will they come see me etc not elusive!! (WANT interactions…)

31
Q

In zoos what are the popular traits ?

A
  • active
  • easy to see
  • perceived intelligence
  • bright colours
  • able to hold objects
32
Q

In zoos what are the bad traits for animals for visitors?

A
  • smelly
  • slimy
  • bites/stings
  • bald/little hair
  • venomous / poisonous
33
Q

What animal is least liked in zoos?

A

hippos

34
Q

People kill animals via?

A

perceived threat without any experience!

35
Q

What animals do we tend to relate to?

A

high profile ones…

36
Q

Our View of Wildlife in A tourism Context:
- There are four key universal values considered particularly relevant to understand our view of wildlife in a tourism context. What are they?

A
  1. Dominionistic
  2. Utilitarian
  3. Moralistic
  4. Protectionistic
37
Q

Our View of Wildlife in A tourism Context:

- Dominionistic view??

A
  • mastery,control, ad dominance of wildlife
  • common in most societies
  • held most strongly by HUNTERS (least moralistic view)
  • Zoo and wildlife parks reinforce this view?
    ** ‘Humans are the best…”
    L>most common viewpoint in most societies within it is really held strongly by hunters….
    **Dark age of zoos followd this
38
Q

Our View of Wildlife in A tourism Context:

- Utilitarian View??

A
  • still control and subordination
  • economic and psychophysiological benefits
  • nature and quality of psychophysiological benefits is very variable
  • *game ranches
  • *wildlife parks…
  • *string ray city…
  • *NOT STRICTLY CONSUMPTIVE
39
Q

What is the argument for Zoos?(8)

A
  1. conservation
  2. financial support
  3. education **
  4. research
  5. endangered species
  6. entertainment
    L> can be slight or full scale…
  7. rehabilitation
  8. accessibility (provide general public the opportunity to see these animals they otherwise would never see! Instil conservation ideas?)
40
Q

What is the argument against zoos?

A
  1. poor living conditions
  2. confinement
  3. unnatural behaviours
  4. take animals from wild
  5. health issues
  6. no enrichment ( zoos = individual enclosures…protected area= all roam free)
41
Q

Our View of Wildlife in A tourism Context:

- Moralistic View??

A
  • welfare, rights, and responsibilities
  • ## view animals as being sued, exploited, manipulated for the sole purpose of tourist enjoyment
42
Q

Our View of Wildlife in A tourism Context:
- Moralistic View:
L> there is a move to address?

A
  • animal rights and welfare
    L> Code of ethics developed for ex
    L> may reflect shift to protectionist view…
    ** ex: PETA, IFAW
  • stepping stone for perspective to become protectionist….
  • other animals > humans
43
Q

Our View of Wildlife in A tourism Context:

- Protecitonist view point??

A
  • conservation and preservation
  • linking science, conservation and wildlife tourism
  • increasing viewpoint
  • beaded one co- or biocentric value orientation
  • Evidence by zoos and wildlife parks with captive breeding programs and in the wild tourism programs ( mountain gorilla programs)
    **most wildlife tourism is here!
    L> pedigree….for breeding plan! can trace behaviour etc…that may be linked
44
Q

Encountering Wildlife in Tourism Context:

- Identify what constitutes an encounter and how this influences?

A
  • human-wildlife relationships will determine direction!
    L> Encounters= both virtual and actual in one context (more comprehensive)
    L> Encounter= with an unrestrained animal in its own environment
45
Q

Encountering Wildlife in Tourism Context:
- Virtual human-wildlife encounters:
L> this could be what to many?

A
  • first encounter

* ex discovery…National geographic etc)

46
Q

Encountering Wildlife in Tourism Context:
- Virtual human-wildlife encounters:
L> Potent instrument of __ and ___, ____ and ____, ___ and ___.

A
  • emotion
  • behaviour
  • connection
  • consciousness
  • direction
  • control
  • ** this first instrument…for behaviour determines trips, what they see ext…
47
Q

Encountering Wildlife in Tourism Context:
- Virtual human-wildlife encounters:
L> Vast array of media can shape?

A

human connection and their attitude to wildlife ( discovery, nat geo)

48
Q

Encountering Wildlife in Tourism Context:
- Virtual human-wildlife encounters:
L> will determine??

A
  • if they care about them

- L> this is important in the management of wildlife tourism…even in research!

49
Q

Encountering Wildlife in Tourism Context:
-Actual human-wildlife encounters:
L> Range from ___ to ___ areas.
L> Best suits __ or ____ - first real encounter.

A
  • zoos to remote
  • ## needs or desires
50
Q

Encountering Wildlife in Tourism Context:
-Actual human-wildlife encounters:
L> link between ___ and ___. Facilitate __ and their needs.

A
  • setting
  • experience
  • ** facilitate desired experiences and their needs.
51
Q

Encountering Wildlife in Tourism Context:
- Setting preferences:
L> encounters with captive or semi captive can be rewarding for some..?

A
  • may be due to some limitation
  • may be due to highly structured environment
  • *depends on the person…financeand structure (order etc)
52
Q

Encountering Wildlife in Tourism Context:
- Setting preferences:
L> For others, with animal in wild and unrest rated it is?

A
  • awesome

L> from touching to mere glimpses

53
Q

Encountering Wildlife in Tourism Context:
- Type of activity:
L> Many different types but the following are most popular and controversial?

A 
1; photographing 
2. feeding 
3. hunting 
L> high challenge harvesters (demanding troop uniting of large animals)
L> trophy
54
Q

Virtual Representations of wildlife:
- How cultures represent wildlife:
L> Has implications for human-wildlife interaction… (2)

A
  • Social representations
    L> cultural products= media (west especially)
  • Tourism industry and management agencies …focus is on fish marketing
55
Q

Virtual Representations of wildlife:

- Media representations ??

A
  • sheer volume provides us with indication of continuing interest in wildlife
  • fosters public awareness and environmental consciousness (education tool)
  • natural and staged
56
Q

Virtual Representations of wildlife:

- Marketing ?

A
  • many depend on secondary info to make important travel decisions
  • plays significant role in choice of destination
  • Wildlife plays a major role in marketing
    • text, images and often feeding
57
Q

Case Study- Kakadu and crocs:

-Habitat?

A

northern territory = visitor experience

58
Q

Case Study- Kakadu and crocs:

- Misrepresenting and distorting?

A

-and nature and behaviour of the animals

59
Q

Case Study- Kakadu and crocs:

- crocodiles are presented as?

A

amusing. unreal even soft and comical and harmless

60
Q

Conclusions:

- Wildlife tourism is taking centre stage?

A

around the world

61
Q

Conclusions:

- says something about the desire for human?

A

connectedness with nature

62
Q

Conclusions:

- critical that human dimension of wildlife?

A
  • interaction be considered
  • *consider this for a management an research proposal kg…
  • — psychological and sociological process
63
Q

Conclusions:
- Challenge?
L> An understanding of our affiliation with animals is?

A

fundamental to wildlife tourism!

64
Q

Conclusions:
- The way the tourism industry views wildlife and their willingness to accept impairment policies is other derived by the values they hold wildlife

A
  • wildlife and their willingness to accept impairment.

-

65
Q

Conclusions:

- wildlife is an intensely marketed ?

A
  • intensely marketed commodity and used in variety of ways..
66
Q

Conclusions:

- understanding human affiliation with animals has important implications ?

A
  • for wildlife tourism and it has generated lots of research and writing from many disciplines..
67
Q

What does IUCN stand for?

A

International Union for Conservation of Nature
**good source of info comes from here!
**ranks spp on level of endangerment they are?
least concerned endangered

Biology 3015: Wildlife Ecotourism (10 decks)

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