Video 3 Phases of Neolithisation in Europe Flashcards
Neolithisation phase 1
First farmers in Europe (Greece)
When was Neolithisation phase 1
c. 7000 BCE
Neolithisation phase 2
First farmers in Central-Europe, the Bandkeramik Culture
Neolithisation phase 3
Northern European hunters become farmers
When was Neolithisation phase 2
c. 5500 BCE
When was Neolithisation phase 3
c. 4100 BCE
By when had almost all European societies gone over to the farming way of life?
2500 BCE
By who was the full Neolithic package of the Near East probably introduced to Europe?
- Small groups of people migrating from Anatolian coasts to Greece
- Native hunters who included new domesticated into way of life
What do female statues found in early European Neolithic settlements, comparable to those found in the Middle East, possibly imply?
That these people had a comparable religion to what was practiced in Anatolian communities at that time
Examples of earliest Neolithic cultures Europe
Karanovo culture, Cris culture, Körös culture
Characteristics earliest Neolithic cultures Europe
- Most live on tells in mud brick houses
- Many have female figurines
When did the Neolithic way of life start spreading out of southeast Europe?
5800 BCE (and particularly 5500 BCE)
Characteristics of the second phase of Neolithisation, the West wave
- Going west: fishing/gatherering communities Mediterranean adopt agriculture, domesticated animals
- So-called ‘Cardium culture’
When was the second phase of Neolithisation, the West wave
5800-4700 BCE
Fishing/gathering communities in Mediterranean gradually adopt agriculture and domesticated animals
West wave of the second phase of Neolithisation
Characteristic pottery Mediterranean during west wave of second phase Neolithisation
Decorated using Cardium shells
During what phase was the Cardium or Cardial culture
The West wave of the second phase of Neolithisation
When was the North wave of the second phase of Neolithisation
6000-5500 BCE
What culture emerges during the North wave of the second phase of Neolithisation
The Bandkeramik Culture or LBK
Characteristics North wave of second phase of Neolithisation
- New Neolithic culture emerges in Hungarian Plain
- Bandkeramik Culture or LBK
- = Adaptation of ‘southern’ Neolithic package to temperate climate and conditions
What were Bandkeramik settlements like?
No longer on tells but large longhouses, live in hamlets and even villages
How did the Bandkeramik Culture spread
Within 200 years from Hungary to France and the Netherlands in the west, and Ukraine in the east
What does the large amount of migration and expansion of the Bandkeramik Culture imply?
Unparalleled high population growth
What culture brought farming to most parts of Europe?
The Bandkeramik Culture
Where was the Ertebølle Culture?
Denmark
How did indigenous hunters gradually include domesticated animals and agriculture into their way of life after Bandkeramik Culture?
Contacts and exchanges with farming community successors Bandkeramik Culture
What development starts the third phase of Neolithisation in Europe
Indigenous hunters gradually include domesticated animals and agriculture into way of life through contacts and exchanges with farming communities
When does the third wave of Neolithisation start?
4100 BCE
Why are settlements of hunter-fisher communities who had contacts with farming communities sometimes very well-preserved?
Wet environments that later became covered with sediments due to rising sea levels
Swifterbant Culture characteristics (4)
- ‘Indigenous’ people
- Kept on hunting and gathering but now also included some agriculture and domesticated animals
- Made own pottery
- Broad-spectrum economy
Where was the Swifterbant Culture?
Dutch and Belgian Delta
Broad-spectrum economy
Combination of hunting and gathering and some agriculture and domesticated animals
Where did the broad-spectrum economy flourish during the third phase of Neolithisation?
Delta environments such as Western Netherlands and parts of Denmark
Around when did the, broad-spectrum, delta economy’s become fully-fledged farmers?
2500 BCE
General summary: how did farming spread through Europe?
- Original Ice Age hunters adopted farming
- Migration from Near East very important
