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World Archaeology 2.1 > 389-393 (Mesolithic) > Flashcards

389-393 (Mesolithic) Flashcards

1
Q

When was farming adopted in southeast Europe?

A

Around 6500 BCE

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2
Q

What happened around 9600 BCE?

A

Hunter-gatherer societies across Europe taking advantage of milder postglacial climate to increase numbers and colonize previously glaciated northern regions

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3
Q

Paleolithic meaning

A

Old Stone Age

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4
Q

Mesolithic meaning

A

Middle Stone Age

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5
Q

Neolithic meaning

A

New Stone Age

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6
Q

Where are early postglacial hunter-gatherers most visible?

A

Along the coasts and rivers, and beside lakes and marshes.

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7
Q

Who are the early postglacial hunter-gatherers descendants of?

A

The first Upper Paleolithic settlers of some 40,000 years ago

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8
Q

When does the spread of agriculture in Europe reach the northern and western fringes?

A

Around 4000 BCE

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9
Q

How did agriculture largely spread through Central Europe and the Mediterranean?

A

Through farming communities moving into new territories, although domestic plants and animals may also sometimes have been adopted by indigenous hunter-gatherers.

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10
Q

From when were the Balkan and Carpathian mountains exploited for copper and gold?

A

From the fifth millennium BCE

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11
Q

What regions were exploited for copper and gold from the fifth millennium BCE?

A

The Balkan and Carpathian mountains.

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12
Q

When do new peoples from the Eurasian steppes appear in Central?

A

In the third millennium BCE

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13
Q

By how much did early postglacial shorelines rise?

A

up to 250 m above present sea level

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14
Q

Why did, in areas that had been covered by the ice sheets, the early postglacial shorelines rise up to 250 m?

A

The surface of the land bounced back in response to the removal of the weight of the ice.

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15
Q

What brought warm tropical water to northern latitudes after the last ice age?

A

The re-establishment of the Gulf Stream

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16
Q

As the forest spread, what open-country megafauna of the last Ice Age died out?

A

Mammoth, wooly rhinoceros, giant deer

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17
Q

What caused the open-country megafauna of the last Ice age to die out?

A

The spread of forests

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18
Q

Why did reindeer and horse withdraw respectively to the northern and eastern margins after the last Ice age?

A

The spread of forests

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19
Q

What did the spread of forests after the last Ice age cause?

A

The open-country megafauna of the last Ice Age died out, and reindeer and horse withdrew respectively to the northern and eastern margins

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20
Q

What forest-adapted species replaced megafauna and reindeer and horse after the last Ice age?

A

Aurochs (wild cattle), red deer, wild pig

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21
Q

At what locations were many of the most significant postglacial hunting and foraging settlements?

A

Besides coasts, lakes, and wetlands

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22
Q

What area was home to the Maglemosian culture?

A

The area now occupied by the North Sea, then a marshy lowland

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23
Q

When was the whole area now occupied by the North Sea a marshy lowland, home to the Maglemosian culture?

A

In the earlier Holocene

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24
Q

What kind of communities did the Maglemosian culture consist of?

A

Hunters, fishers, foragers

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25
Q

What, belonging to the Maglemosian culture, has been found at Duvensee and other sites around its edges?

A

Hut floors consisting of pine logs and bark sheets

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26
Q

Besides what was Star Carr located?

A

A lake

27
Q

What culture was Star Carr a part of?

A

The Maglemosian culture

28
Q

What has the lakeside settlement of Star Carr yielded remains of?

A

A brushwood platform, a wooden paddle, evidence of seasonal patterns of exploitation

29
Q

What suggests that in northern and eastern Europe Mesolithic communities were developing larger and more complex social structures?

A

The emergence of the first cemeteries

30
Q

What does the emergence of the first cemeteries in Mesolithic communities in northern and eastern Europe suggest?

A

That Mesolithic communities here were developing larger and more complex social structures

31
Q

How old is the earliest cemetery in northern and eastern Europe?

A

Tenth millennium BCE

32
Q

By what time period had cemeteries in northern and eastern Europe become more numerous and complex?

A

The later Mesolithic period

33
Q

How many burials did the cemetery at Olenii Ostrov in Karelia, Russia number?

A

300

34
Q

Where was the cemetery Olenii Ostrov?

A

Karelia, Russia

35
Q

What cemetery in Karelia, Russia numbered 300 burials?

A

Olenii Ostrov

36
Q

What predominated in the northern part of Olenii Ostrov?

A

Elk effigies

37
Q

What predominated in the south of Olenii Ostrov?

A

Human and snake figurines

38
Q

As what were some of the burials, in upright or standing position, at Olenii Ostrov identified?

A

As those of ritual specialists or shamans

39
Q

What burials were identified as those of ritual specialists or shamans at Olenii Ostrov?

A

Burials in upright or standing positions

40
Q

What have the grave goods at Olenii Ostrov indicated?

A

Social differentiation, which has been interpreted in terms of clan moieties, or a society divided into two separate descent groups

41
Q

How have the grave goods indicating social differentiation at Olenii Ostrov been interpreted?

A

In terms of clan moieties, or a society divided into two separate descent groups

42
Q

What site is the following about: “Some of the burials, in upright or standing position, were identified as those of ritual specialists or shamans. The grave goods indicate social differentiation, which has been interpreted in terms of clan moieties, or a society divided into two separate descent groups?”

A

Olenii Ostrov

43
Q

When do cemeteries also appear at west European Mesolithic sites?

A

During the sixth millennium BCE?

44
Q

What are examples of cemeteries also appearing at west European Mesolithic sites during the sixth millennium BCE?

A

Moita da Sebastião, Cabeço da Arruda in Portugal

45
Q

What cemeteries in Scandinavia are examples of cemeteries appearing at west European Mesolithic sites during the sixth Millennium BCE?

A

Skateholm, Vedbaek

46
Q

Where did farming come to Europe from?

A

Southwest Asia

47
Q

Why do we know that farming came to Europe from Southwest Asia?

A

1 Most of the domesticated plant and animal species involved have been dated earlier in Southwest Asia than in Europe
2 Their wild ancestors were also in many cases restricted in their natural distribution to Southwest Asia

48
Q

How did farming spread through Europe?

A

Spread began in southeast -> moving westward along Mediterranean coasts to Italy and Iberia, northward through the Balkans to central, western, northern Europe

49
Q

What indicates little continuity between hunter-gatherer and early farming populations?

A

Analysis of ancient DNA

50
Q

Where is Star Carr

A

On the shores of an extinct lake in northeast England

51
Q

What was Star Carr?

A

A hunter-gatherer campsite of the early Mesolithic period

52
Q

What does Star Carr owe its importance to?

A

The waterlogged conditions that preserved a wide range of organic materials

53
Q

How far did a platform of worked timbers extend at Star Carr?

A

30 m

54
Q

What does a hollow 3 m in diameter surrounded by postholes mark at Star Carr?

A

The position of a hut or dwelling

55
Q

What would flint microliths at Star Carr been used for?

A

Fitted into wooden shafts to form hunting arrows or knives for cutting reeds and other vegetation

56
Q

How many barbed points did Clark find at Star Carr?

A

200

57
Q

What were moist barbed points at Star Carr made of?

A

Red deer antler

58
Q

What was a wooden paddle blade at Star Carr probably used for?

A

To propel a dugout canoe across the waters of the lake

59
Q

How many frontlets of red deer skulls with the antlers still attached were found at Star Carr?

A

21

60
Q

What could be seen in the best preserved specimens of frontlets of red deer skulls at Star Carr?

A

That both skull and antlers had been scraped and thinned to reduce weight, and the skulls had twin perforations, allowing them to be tied and worn as headdress

61
Q

What may the frontlets of red deer skulls at Star Carr been used in?

A

Hunting magic

62
Q

When did human activity at Star Carr begin?

A

8770 BCE

63
Q

When did the second episode of human occupation at Star Carr end?

A

8460 BCE

World Archaeology 2.1 (18 decks)

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