Veterinary medicine products 3 Flashcards
chemotherapy drugs?
used to remove neoplastic cells
can be:
- cytotoxic - destroy
- cytostatic - inhibit growth
types of chemotherapy drugs?
adjuvant
- used following surgery (eg mass removed)
- to treat metastases (tumour cells populated elsewhere) not primary mass
palliative
- used to enhance quality of life
- not intended to be curative
- ethical?
neoadjuvant
- reduce size of tumour
- so surgery can be possible
cytotoxic/antineoplastic drugs?
antineoplastic agents = cytotoxic drugs
aim is to be selectively toxic towards neoplastic cells
- sparing normal healthy cells
work by targeting rapidly dividing cells
- so can harm healthy fast-growing cells (eg in GI tract)
every one week-fortnight
side effects of antineoplastic drugs?
suppression of bone marrow cells - these cells divide rapidly local tissue reactions - where injected phlebitis - inflammation of vein injected in tissue necrosis - death of tissue in contact with drug hypersensitivity - of skin? anaphylaxis - extreme allergic reaction GI toxicity - anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea - intestine cells are rapidly dividing haemorrhagic cystitis - blood in urine - damage to urinary tract cells renal toxicity - excreting drug via kidney cardiotoxicity
vaccines?
a biological preparation
- not synthesised drug
- made from pathogens trying to protect against
establish/improve immunity to a particular disease
- by stimulating an immune response
- without causing clinical signs of disease
types of vaccines (when administered)?
prophylactic
- build immunity before an infection occurs
- stimulate immune system to produce antibodies
- so can be replicated in future exposures
therapeutic
- once patient has (or has been exposed) to disease
- used for treatment
types of vaccines (how made?)
modified-live or attenuated
- intact but weakened pathogen
inactive
- inactive pathogen that is no longer infectious
- often combined with an adjuvant to improve immune response
recombinant
- produced using genetic engineering techniques
- genetic material from pathogens used to produce proteins
- which cause immune response
toxoid
- inactivated toxins that are produced by pathogens
- stimulate immunity against toxins
administration/handling vaccines?
should not be administered before minimum age
- significant levels of passive antibodies from first milk can interfere
- can start vaccines but must end when passive immunity has gone
- require body’s own response for immunity
administration can be SC IM or intranasal
primary course followed by boosters
they are POM-V drugs so should be administered by a VS
- VN can administer subsequent vaccines
- VS administer annual boosters and must follow a check-up
store in the fridge (2-8°C)
- if not stored correctly then vaccine will fail
check expiry dates beforehand
- since is a biological preparation
adverse reactions of vaccines?
swelling at injection site abscess at injection site - common in EQ vomiting diarrhoea depression ataxia - discoordination shivering collapse urticaria - hives over body
antimicrobial?
an agent that either destroys microorganisms or inhibits their growth
types of antimicrobials?
- cidal = destroy microorganisms
- static = inhibit growth of microorganisms
these suffixes are joined with the type of microorganism the drug is effective against
- bacteria
- fungus
- virus
antibacterial agents
type of antimicrobial
- specifically effective against bacteria
types of antibacterial agents?
narrow spectrum
- effective against narrow range of organisms
- so destroys specific bacteria
- gram positive OR gram negative
- protects healthy bacteria
broad spectrum
- effective against wide variety of bacteria
- gram positive AND gram negative
- useful when infected by multiple types of bacteria
- destroy healthy bacteria
potentiated antibacterials
- when two agents are used together to produce a greater effect
- on own = little effects
- together = greater effect
how do antibacterials work?
can be
- therapeutic - most common and ideal
- prophylactic - increases resistance
inhibit protein synthesis
- prevents normal cell processes and replication
inhibit cell wall synthesis
- affects integrity causing cell to rupture
inhibit metabolic pathways
- disrupt essential metabolic processes
- eg synthesis of essential vitamins like folic acid
inhibit nucleic acid synthesis
- prevents DNA repliaction
inhibit cell membrane function
- depolarisation of cell membrane
- cause disruption of cellular processes
- eg protein and DNA synthesis
antibiotic side effects?
diarrhoea vomiting anorexia - from taste or nausea urticaria fungal infections - eg oral thrush - fungus on tongue
antibiotic resistnace?
the ability of a microorganism to survive and grow in the presence of an antibiotic agent
resistance can be
- intrinsic - natural resistance due to cell structure
- acquired - genetic mutations passed between cells
bacteria can become resistant to one or more classes of antibiotic
- more than one = multi-resistant
to avoid resisant bacteria antibiotics must be taken at correct dose and duration
antifungal agents?
used to treat skin, mucous or corneal infections
- eg to treat dermatophytosis (ringworm)
topical form
- may need to clip hair
- wear gloves
systemic
- care when handling medication
antiprotozoal drugs?
used to treat protozoal organisms
eg panacur
antiviral drugs?
uncommon in vet practce
destroy host cell as well as virus
isolation nursing instead of or as well as treatment
common AVM-GSL products
medicated shampoos
rehydration salts
