Veterinary medicine products 3 Flashcards
chemotherapy drugs?
used to remove neoplastic cells
can be:
- cytotoxic - destroy
- cytostatic - inhibit growth
types of chemotherapy drugs?
adjuvant
- used following surgery (eg mass removed)
- to treat metastases (tumour cells populated elsewhere) not primary mass
palliative
- used to enhance quality of life
- not intended to be curative
- ethical?
neoadjuvant
- reduce size of tumour
- so surgery can be possible
cytotoxic/antineoplastic drugs?
antineoplastic agents = cytotoxic drugs
aim is to be selectively toxic towards neoplastic cells
- sparing normal healthy cells
work by targeting rapidly dividing cells
- so can harm healthy fast-growing cells (eg in GI tract)
every one week-fortnight
side effects of antineoplastic drugs?
suppression of bone marrow cells - these cells divide rapidly local tissue reactions - where injected phlebitis - inflammation of vein injected in tissue necrosis - death of tissue in contact with drug hypersensitivity - of skin? anaphylaxis - extreme allergic reaction GI toxicity - anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea - intestine cells are rapidly dividing haemorrhagic cystitis - blood in urine - damage to urinary tract cells renal toxicity - excreting drug via kidney cardiotoxicity
vaccines?
a biological preparation
- not synthesised drug
- made from pathogens trying to protect against
establish/improve immunity to a particular disease
- by stimulating an immune response
- without causing clinical signs of disease
types of vaccines (when administered)?
prophylactic
- build immunity before an infection occurs
- stimulate immune system to produce antibodies
- so can be replicated in future exposures
therapeutic
- once patient has (or has been exposed) to disease
- used for treatment
types of vaccines (how made?)
modified-live or attenuated
- intact but weakened pathogen
inactive
- inactive pathogen that is no longer infectious
- often combined with an adjuvant to improve immune response
recombinant
- produced using genetic engineering techniques
- genetic material from pathogens used to produce proteins
- which cause immune response
toxoid
- inactivated toxins that are produced by pathogens
- stimulate immunity against toxins
administration/handling vaccines?
should not be administered before minimum age
- significant levels of passive antibodies from first milk can interfere
- can start vaccines but must end when passive immunity has gone
- require body’s own response for immunity
administration can be SC IM or intranasal
primary course followed by boosters
they are POM-V drugs so should be administered by a VS
- VN can administer subsequent vaccines
- VS administer annual boosters and must follow a check-up
store in the fridge (2-8°C)
- if not stored correctly then vaccine will fail
check expiry dates beforehand
- since is a biological preparation
adverse reactions of vaccines?
swelling at injection site abscess at injection site - common in EQ vomiting diarrhoea depression ataxia - discoordination shivering collapse urticaria - hives over body
antimicrobial?
an agent that either destroys microorganisms or inhibits their growth
types of antimicrobials?
- cidal = destroy microorganisms
- static = inhibit growth of microorganisms
these suffixes are joined with the type of microorganism the drug is effective against
- bacteria
- fungus
- virus
antibacterial agents
type of antimicrobial
- specifically effective against bacteria
types of antibacterial agents?
narrow spectrum
- effective against narrow range of organisms
- so destroys specific bacteria
- gram positive OR gram negative
- protects healthy bacteria
broad spectrum
- effective against wide variety of bacteria
- gram positive AND gram negative
- useful when infected by multiple types of bacteria
- destroy healthy bacteria
potentiated antibacterials
- when two agents are used together to produce a greater effect
- on own = little effects
- together = greater effect
how do antibacterials work?
can be
- therapeutic - most common and ideal
- prophylactic - increases resistance
inhibit protein synthesis
- prevents normal cell processes and replication
inhibit cell wall synthesis
- affects integrity causing cell to rupture
inhibit metabolic pathways
- disrupt essential metabolic processes
- eg synthesis of essential vitamins like folic acid
inhibit nucleic acid synthesis
- prevents DNA repliaction
inhibit cell membrane function
- depolarisation of cell membrane
- cause disruption of cellular processes
- eg protein and DNA synthesis
antibiotic side effects?
diarrhoea vomiting anorexia - from taste or nausea urticaria fungal infections - eg oral thrush - fungus on tongue
