Veterinary medicine products 2 Flashcards
musculoskeletal drugs?
anti-inflammatories
chondroprotective agents
NSAIDS?
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
- act on site of pain
- reduce inflammation, fever and pain
inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX)
- COX 1: functioning of a wide variety of body tissues
- COX 2: role in inflammatory process
some are not COX 2 specific (eg aspirin)
- cause gastric ulcerations and diarrhoea
some are COX 2 specific (eg meloxicam)
- though to be safer
NSAID nursing implications?
oral NSAIDSs should be given with food
- COX enzymes control other functions
- eg stomach acid regulation - so don’t want empty stomach as can cause ulcers
before surgery need to be starved so injectable NSAIDs
adverse effects of NSAIDs?
GIT ulcerations
- lessen if given with food
vomiting and diarrhoea
- stop giving
renal failure
- nephrotoxic drugs
- so long term use can cause renal failure
hepatic effects
- cause unusual liver enzyme count
chondroprotective agents?
used to treat osteoarthritis in canines and equines
have strong affinity to joint cartilage
- therapeutic concentrations for up to 4 days after admission
- give initial loading dose then 1 month/6 weeks intervals
preserves joint cartilage and maintains joint health
- stimulates cartilage production
- maintains existing cartilage by inhibiting degrading enzymes
- increases quality and quantity of synovial fluid
- increases blood supply to joint
using NSAIDS and corticosteroids?
should not be administered together
- can cause enhanced adverse effects
- on kidneys, platelets and GI tract
why it’s important to gain full medical history prior to administration of any medication
gastrointestinal system drugs?
antidiarrhoeal agents anti-emetics emetics laxatives stomach ulcer drugs
antidiarrhoeal agents?
absorbents
- eg activated charcoal
- absorbs toxins preventing them being absorbed by intestine
- toxin then eliminated via faeces
modulators
- eg diphenoxylate
- a member of opiate group - opiate side effects used for drug
- increases muscle tone of intestine
- so greater absorption of water and nutrients
anti-emetics and emetics?
emesis = vomiting
anti-emetics - prevent vomiting
- acts centrally on receptor sites in CNS
- stimulates oesophageal, gastric and intestinal motility
- so GIT moves faster
- decreases tone of the pyloric sphincter
- so stomach acid empties more readily
emetics - induce vomiting
- has a rapid onset (4-6 minutes)
- more effective in dogs than cats
- empty entire stomach
- use when eaten something toxic
- don’t use when digested large foreign bodies - surgery?
laxatives?
increase defecation can be: - lubricative (liquid paraffin) - bulk-forming (fibre) - osmotic (enemas) - stimulant (stimulate colonic mortality)
stomach ulcer drugs?
antacids
proton pump inhibitors
H2 receptor agonists
antacids?
neutralise stomach acid production
decease pepsin activity
no usually absorbed into systemic circulation
can interact with other medications (eg heart meds)
can have laxative effect
proton pump inhibitors?
inhibit stomach acid production
- less not none
- by inhibiting protein pump action in stomach cells
give before food
- eating stimulates acid production
- need time to work
H2 receptor agonists?
inhibit gastric secretion
- effective for around 8 hours
do not administer with an antacid
eye drugs?
mydriatics miotics fluorescein antimicrobial eye drops steroidal eye medications
mydriatics and miotics?
mydriatics
- dilate the pupil
- by reducing spasms in ciliary muscle
miotics
- constrict the pupil
- allow drainage for ocular fluid
- used to treat intraocular pressure/glaucoma
fluorescein?
dye/stain to detect an injury or foreign bodies
green = damage to cornea
antiparasitic agents?
used to treat parasitic infections
endoparasiticides and ectoparasiticides
endoparasiticides?
treat internal parasites
- helminth infection = parasitic worm burden
- anthelmintic = wormer
accurate weight of patient necessary
- over or under dosing can cause resistance
anthelmintics?
wormers
- interfere with energy systems
can be vermicide
- kill the parasite whilst in host
- breaks down and release toxins
- case toxic effect on host
- not ideal if high level of parasites to kill
can be vermifuge
- paralysed parasite so cant function
- passed out of host alive
- then dies since no energy system to function
- rigid = don’t move so obstruct intestines
- flaccid = can move so no obstruction
some can be both
ectoparasiticides? types? action? contraindications?
treat external parasites
can be acaricides - act against ascarids and arachnids (eg mites and ticks) can be insecticides - act against insects (eg fleas) some are both
action is to stop growth, can be by: - killing adult mites - regular growth - inhibit chitin development (exoskeletons) so stops developing and reproducing
contraindications
- moved away from organophosphate compounds (eg permetherin)
- because toxic to cats - seizures and death
- don’t use in patient in multi-animal house
advantages of oral over topical preparations?
reduction of exposure to owners and environment
- not rubbed on self or furniture
efficacy isn’t influenced by external variables
- eg water/swimming
easy to avoid under and over dosing
- dispense exact amount
disadvantages of oral preperations?
rely on parasite ingesting the drug in a blood meal
- parasite must bite and ingest before wormer can work
- risk of allergy or infection
