Veterinary medicine products 1 Flashcards
drugs that act on the heart?
myocardial stimulants
sympathomimetic agents
antidysrhythmic agents
myocardial stimulants?
stimulate myocardia (heart muscle) to beat forcefully also decrease HR - more force = more blood emptied - increases refill time used for heart failure and tachycardia
sympathomimetic agents?
mimic effects of sympathetic nervous system
- so increases HR
cause vasoconstriction
- more blood to core
- increases HR and supply to brain and muscles
used to treat heart block, sinus arrest and bradycardia
antidysrhythmic agents?
normalises abnormal heart rhythms
- treat cardiac arrhythmias or suppress dysrhythmias
- recognised through ECGs, stethoscope and feeling pulse
drugs that act on blood vessels?
vasodilators
vasoconstrictors
vasodilators?
relax smooth muscle of blood vessels
- increases lumen
so reduces workload of heart
can be used for pulmonary oedema or congestive heart failure
do not administer to dehydrated patient
- have reduced blood volume and are vasoconstricting
- vasodilators act against body regulation systems
- may cause shock
vasoconstrictors?
contracts smooth muscle of blood vessels
- so lumen decreases
- increases workload of heart
My cause hypertension
drugs that act on the blood coagulation system?
anticoagulants
haemostatics
anticoagulants?
agents that prevent blood clotting
- stop small clots in the blood
also used to flush IV catheters to remove blood and stop clot build up
haemostatics?
used to arrest haemorrhage
often applied topically to localised bleeding
drugs that act on the kidney?
diuretics
angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
diuretics?
increase volume of urine by preventing reabsorption of sodium
- causes polydipsia and polyuria
reduces circulating blood and lowers blood pressure
used to treat congestive heart failure, hypertension and acute renal failure
hydration and electrolyte levels need to be monitored
- need to drink more and loss in sodium
angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors?
causes blood pressure to lower
prevents conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II
- so sodium cant be absorbed
- so also lowers urine output
used to treat chronic heart failure and hypertension
respiratory system drugs?
antitussives bronchodilators mucolytics and expectorants respiratory simulants nebulisers anti-histamines
antitussives?
suppress coughing
bronchodilators
dilate the airways enabling excessive mucoid secretions
mucolytics and expectroants?
reduce mucus viscosity
respiratory stimulants?
act upon respiratory centre in the medulla to increase respiration rate
nebulisers?
respiratory agents can be administered using a nebuliser
need to hold to face for a while
horses tolerate well
scares cats as like hissing
dogs depend on compliance
anti-histamines?
counter act histamine reaction (inflammation)
- produced in response to an allergen
work by antagonizing the H1 receptors in smooth muscle of bronchioles
- so allergen cant bind to receptor
- stop them restricting airway
some cause sedation or drowsiness
drugs that act on the nervous system?
sedatives analgesics anaesthetic agents dissociative anaesthetic agents local anaesthetics antiepileptics cholinergics
sedatives?
produce calmness, drowsiness and indifference to the environment
- keep still for tests
sedatives that reduce consciousness are hyponotics or narcotics
can also relive or reduce pain and anxiety
can be vasodilators - cause a decline in blood pressure
opiate analgesics?
cause narcosis relieve pain by acting on opioid receptor sites on CNS stimulates μ (mu), κ (kappa) and δ (delta) receptors which causes - analgesia - respiratory depression - pupil restriction - reduced GI motility - euphoria (relaxed and happy)
administering two opiate analgesics?
if administered together the drug molecule with the highest affinity will bind to receptors regardless of the potency
anaesthetic agents?
produce unconsciouness
can be be given i/v, inhalation or i/v
used for induction and maintenance of anaesthesia
dissociative anaesthetic agents?
produce unconsciousness and provide analgesia
local anaesthetics?
block passage of nervous impulses along neuron in the desired area
- injected in desired area
anti-epileptics?
drugs used to treat epilepsy
epiphen:
stabalises electric activity in the brain
- creates state of calmness, raising seizure threshold
used to control/maintain seizures and avoid reoccurrence
a loading dose is required due to two day half life
diazepam:
used in emergency situations
rapid on set when administered IV or per rectum
cholinergics?
stimulate receptor sites mediates by acetylcholine
similar effects to he parasympathetic nervous system
- more blood to intestines so increased gut motility
drugs that work on the endocrine system?
steroids
- mineralocorticoids
- glucocorticoids
mineralocorticoids?
mainly affect electrolyte balance
with synthetic cortisols
- percorten-V used to treat Adisons disease
glucocorticoids?
suppresses inflammation and relieves pain
bind the glucocorticoid receptors
- inhibits the inflammatory process by reducing immune function
adverse effects include immune impression and increased healing time
- also weight gain and muscle atrophy
- caused by increase in cortisols - so same with Cushings
need to be tapered before stopping if prolonged use
may cause iatrogenic Cushings
- caused by medication
- synthetic version
