Veterinary medicine products 1

Question 1

drugs that act on the heart?

Answer 1

myocardial stimulants
sympathomimetic agents
antidysrhythmic agents

Question 2

myocardial stimulants?

Answer 2

stimulate myocardia (heart muscle) to beat forcefully 
also decrease HR 
- more force = more blood emptied 
- increases refill time 
used for heart failure and tachycardia

Question 3

sympathomimetic agents?

Answer 3

mimic effects of sympathetic nervous system
- so increases HR
cause vasoconstriction
- more blood to core
- increases HR and supply to brain and muscles
used to treat heart block, sinus arrest and bradycardia

Question 4

antidysrhythmic agents?

Answer 4

normalises abnormal heart rhythms

• treat cardiac arrhythmias or suppress dysrhythmias
• recognised through ECGs, stethoscope and feeling pulse

Question 5

drugs that act on blood vessels?

Answer 5

vasodilators

vasoconstrictors

Question 6

vasodilators?

Answer 6

relax smooth muscle of blood vessels
- increases lumen
so reduces workload of heart
can be used for pulmonary oedema or congestive heart failure

do not administer to dehydrated patient

• have reduced blood volume and are vasoconstricting
• vasodilators act against body regulation systems
• may cause shock

Question 7

vasoconstrictors?

Answer 7

contracts smooth muscle of blood vessels

• so lumen decreases
• increases workload of heart

My cause hypertension

Question 8

drugs that act on the blood coagulation system?

Answer 8

anticoagulants

haemostatics

Question 9

anticoagulants?

Answer 9

agents that prevent blood clotting
- stop small clots in the blood

also used to flush IV catheters to remove blood and stop clot build up

Question 10

haemostatics?

Answer 10

used to arrest haemorrhage

often applied topically to localised bleeding

Question 11

drugs that act on the kidney?

Answer 11

diuretics

angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors

Question 12

diuretics?

Answer 12

increase volume of urine by preventing reabsorption of sodium
- causes polydipsia and polyuria
reduces circulating blood and lowers blood pressure
used to treat congestive heart failure, hypertension and acute renal failure

hydration and electrolyte levels need to be monitored
- need to drink more and loss in sodium

Question 13

angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors?

Answer 13

causes blood pressure to lower
prevents conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II
- so sodium cant be absorbed
- so also lowers urine output
used to treat chronic heart failure and hypertension

Question 14

respiratory system drugs?

Answer 14

antitussives
bronchodilators
mucolytics and expectorants 
respiratory simulants
nebulisers
 anti-histamines

Question 15

antitussives?

Answer 15

suppress coughing

Question 16

bronchodilators

Answer 16

dilate the airways enabling excessive mucoid secretions

Question 17

mucolytics and expectroants?

Answer 17

reduce mucus viscosity

Question 18

respiratory stimulants?

Answer 18

act upon respiratory centre in the medulla to increase respiration rate

Question 19

nebulisers?

Answer 19

respiratory agents can be administered using a nebuliser

need to hold to face for a while
horses tolerate well
scares cats as like hissing
dogs depend on compliance

Question 20

anti-histamines?

Answer 20

counter act histamine reaction (inflammation)
- produced in response to an allergen
work by antagonizing the H1 receptors in smooth muscle of bronchioles
- so allergen cant bind to receptor
- stop them restricting airway
some cause sedation or drowsiness

Question 21

drugs that act on the nervous system?

Answer 21

sedatives 
analgesics
anaesthetic agents 
dissociative anaesthetic agents 
local anaesthetics 
antiepileptics 
cholinergics

Question 22

sedatives?

Answer 22

produce calmness, drowsiness and indifference to the environment
- keep still for tests
sedatives that reduce consciousness are hyponotics or narcotics
can also relive or reduce pain and anxiety

can be vasodilators - cause a decline in blood pressure

Question 23

opiate analgesics?

Answer 23

cause narcosis 
relieve pain by acting on opioid receptor sites on CNS 
stimulates μ (mu), κ (kappa) and δ (delta) receptors which causes 
- analgesia 
- respiratory depression 
- pupil restriction 
- reduced GI motility 
- euphoria (relaxed and happy)

Question 24

administering two opiate analgesics?

Answer 24

if administered together the drug molecule with the highest affinity will bind to receptors regardless of the potency

Question 25

anaesthetic agents?

Answer 25

produce unconsciouness
can be be given i/v, inhalation or i/v

used for induction and maintenance of anaesthesia

Question 26

dissociative anaesthetic agents?

Answer 26

produce unconsciousness and provide analgesia

Question 27

local anaesthetics?

Answer 27

block passage of nervous impulses along neuron in the desired area
- injected in desired area

Question 28

anti-epileptics?

Answer 28

drugs used to treat epilepsy

epiphen:
stabalises electric activity in the brain
- creates state of calmness, raising seizure threshold
used to control/maintain seizures and avoid reoccurrence
a loading dose is required due to two day half life

diazepam:
used in emergency situations
rapid on set when administered IV or per rectum

Question 29

cholinergics?

Answer 29

stimulate receptor sites mediates by acetylcholine

similar effects to he parasympathetic nervous system
- more blood to intestines so increased gut motility

Question 30

drugs that work on the endocrine system?

Answer 30

steroids

• mineralocorticoids
• glucocorticoids

Question 31

mineralocorticoids?

Answer 31

mainly affect electrolyte balance
with synthetic cortisols
- percorten-V used to treat Adisons disease

Question 32

glucocorticoids?

Answer 32

suppresses inflammation and relieves pain

bind the glucocorticoid receptors
- inhibits the inflammatory process by reducing immune function
adverse effects include immune impression and increased healing time
- also weight gain and muscle atrophy
- caused by increase in cortisols - so same with Cushings
need to be tapered before stopping if prolonged use
may cause iatrogenic Cushings
- caused by medication
- synthetic version