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CEDB30002 Cell Biology > Vetebrate Pattern Development (L28, 29, 30) > Flashcards

Vetebrate Pattern Development (L28, 29, 30) Flashcards

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1
Q

Blastomere

A

Cell produced by cleavage

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2
Q

Blastoderm

A

Forms at animal pole.
Yolk prevents blastoderm formation.
Eventually engulfs yolk and forms embryo.

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3
Q

Blastocyst

A

Formed in development of mammals.
ICM (inner cell mass) becomes embryo.
Trophectoderm becomes placenta.

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4
Q

Inner Cell Mass

A

Becomes embryo, part of blastocyst

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5
Q

Trophectoderm

A

Becomes placenta, part of blastocyst

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6
Q

Ectoderm

A

Animal cap region.

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7
Q

Mesoderm

A

Between animal cap and vegetal regions.

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8
Q

Endoderm

A

Vegetal region.

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9
Q

Animal-Vegetal Axis

A

Different concentration of maternal determinants along axis.

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10
Q

Vg1

A

TGF-beta family of growth factors.

Vegetal mRNA.

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11
Q

Veg-T

A

transcription factor.
Vegetal mRNA.
Induce mesoderm via Xnr5, Xnr6, Derrière.
Induces nodal (dorsal mesoderm induction)

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12
Q

XWnt11

A

Vegetal mRNA.

Moves dorsal due to cortical rotation.

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13
Q

Grey Crescent

A

D-V axis formation.
Mixing of vegetal and animal cytoplasm.
Dorsal, opposite sperm entry point.

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14
Q

Wnt/B-catenin Signalling

A

Components move dorsally due to cortical rotation.
Activation: B-catenin in nuclei of dorsal blastomeres.
B-catenin injection can induce ventral to dorsal and induce new body axis/nervous system (like organiser)

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15
Q

Cortical Rotation

A

Movement of maternal determinants signals zygotic gene expression via wnt/B-catenin signaling.

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16
Q

Nieuwkoop Centre

A

B catenin in vegetal cells (xenopus).

Lots of nodal.

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17
Q

Chick D-V axis

A

Due to gravity.
Asymmetric distribution of maternal determinants due to rotation.
Posterior marginal zone cells form at highest point of tilted blastoderm (Wnt8c and Vg1)- dorsal
PMZ leads to formation of primitive streak – gastrulation and anterior-posterior axis

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18
Q

Dorsal Mesoderm

A

Notochord, Neural tube, Muscle

19
Q

Ventral Mesoderm

A

Epidermis, Blood, Mesenchyme

20
Q

Xnr5, Xnr6, Derrière

A 
Nodal-related proteins.
TGF family.
Induce mesoderm.
Earliest zygotic genes expressed in vegetal cells. 
Rely on VegT.
21
Q

BMP Signals (TGF)

A

Smad 1, 5, 8.
Ventralise mesoderm.
Only work after mesoderm induction.
Low BMP in trunk.
Notochord-derived BMP antagonists induce neural tube (neurulation)
Deplete BMP, all ectoderm is neural tissue (neural tissue is default)

22
Q

Nodal/Activin Signals (TGF)

A

Smad 2, 3.

Induce dorsal mesoderm.

23
Q

Nodal

A

Induce dorsal mesoderm.
Inhibit Fox1e.
Induce spemann organiser.

24
Q

Ectodermin

A

Maternal.
Gradient inhibits mesoderm induction.
Ubiquitin ligase –targets Smad4.
Animal cap cells.

25
Q

Foxl1e

A

Zygotic.
Specifies ectoderm –epidermis and stops ‘mixing’.
Inhibited by nodals.

26
Q

Spemann Organiser

A

Graft of dorsal blastopore lip induce a new body axis including nervous system.
Induced by high Nodal from Nieuwkoop Centre.
Differentiates into dorsal mesoderm (eg. notochord)
Dorsalizes surrounding mesoderm to from paraxialmesoderm (somites)
Dorsalizes ectoderm → neural tube formation (Neurulation)
Initiates gastrulation movements (A-P axis)

27
Q

Involution

A
  • Rolling in mesoderm, endoderm
  • Apical cell constriction (bottle cells)
  • Involution of migratory cells (subsurface) and pulling in of superficial cells (bottle)
  • Cell migration along roof of blastocoel, form archenteron (archenteron forms GIT)
  • Roof of archenteron is bottle cells
  • Endomesoderm migrates, convergent extension
28
Q

Convergent Extension

A
  • Mesoderm
  • Medio lateral intercalation
  • Directional, narrow along one axis, extend along another
  • Cells converge on primitive streak
29
Q

Epiboly

A
  • Ectoderm
  • Radial intercalation (multilayered epithelium to single layer, more SA)
  • Cell proliferation
  • Multidirectional cell movement
30
Q

Blastocoel

A

Blastocyst cavity. First cell cavity.

31
Q

Archentron

A

Forms during involution.

Primitive gut.

32
Q

Blastopore

A

Opening in archentron.

Forms mouth or anus.

33
Q

Wnt/PCP (planer cell polarity) Signalling

A

Convergent extension. (not B-catenin)
Via DEP and PDZ domains of disheveled.
RhoA (GTPase) acts on Jnk cascade and Actin cytoskeleton to cause PCP.
Mutations disrupt convergent extension and epiboly, can’t extend A-P axis.

Antagonistic to Wnt/B-catenin

34
Q

Silberblick (slb)

A 
wnt11 mutant (wnt/PCP signaling) 
def6 knockdown worsens phenotype.
35
Q

Pipetail (ppt)

A 
wnt5 mutant (wnt/PCP signaling) 
Rescued by def6 injection.
36
Q

def6

A

Expressed during epiboly.
Injection can rescue wnt5 mutants (functions downstream of wnt)
Knockdown worsens wnt11 mutant phenotype.
Activates RhoA. (Wnt/PCP) by acting as RhoGEF

37
Q

Early organiser

A 
Induce head structures.
Mesendoderm.
Expresses Frzb (Wnt antagonist)
Low Wnt in head.
38
Q

Late Organiser

A

Induce tail structures.
Notochord.
Express chordin (BMP antagonist)
High Wnt in tail.

39
Q

Wnt/BMP antagonists

A

XWnt8 and BMPs ventralise mesoderm
Chordin: antagonise BMP, expressed by late/trunk organiser.
Frzb: antagonise Wnt, expressed by early/head organiser.

40
Q

Hox Genes

A

Acitvated by posterior-anterior gradients of Wnt, BMP, FGF, retinoic acid.
Activated via CDX.

41
Q

PitX2

A

Transcription Factor.

Heart looping, expressed on LHS.

42
Q

LHS Patterning

A

Notch signalling and nodal expression. (Ca2+ release)
shh/Nodal signalling.
Shh/BMP → Nodal→Pitx2

43
Q

RHS Patterning

A

Activin signalling.
BMP/Activin → FGF
Antagonizes Shh

44
Q

Lefty

A

Maintains L-R boundary

CEDB30002 Cell Biology (10 decks)

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