Stemcells

Question 1

Totipotent

Answer 1

Become any cell.

Zygote.

Question 2

Pluripotent

Answer 2

Become embryo cell types.

ES cell.

Question 3

Multipotent

Answer 3

Become blood, muscle, bone, cartilage.

Somatic stem cells, umbilical cord blood.

Question 4

Unipotent

Answer 4

Become one cell type.

Spermatogonia to sperm.

Question 5

Pluripotency Test 1

Answer 5

In vivo differentiation.
Spontaneous differentiation to the 3 germ layers.
Least stringent (marker expression could be due to cellular stress. Doesn’t test functionality)

Question 6

Pluripotency Test 2

Answer 6

In vitro differentiation.
Form teratomas in mice (lose pluripotency, new environment signals differentiation).
Doesn’t test ability to promote normal development.

Question 7

Pluripotency Test 3

Answer 7

Acid Test.
Black mouse ES into white mouse blastocyst.
ES contribute to all tissues. (chimera)
Ignores epigenetics.

Question 8

Pluripotency Test 4

Answer 8

Tetraploid complementation.
2n to 4n, most stringent (4n can’t contribute to linages, embryo from test cells only).
Inject black/test to 4n blastocyst. All offspring result from test/black.

Question 9

Es and iPS similarities

Answer 9

Morphology,
Age-related telomeres,
Surface markers,
Overall gene expression

Question 10

ES and iPS differences

Answer 10

Takes a long time to make iPS cells and very few reprogrammed.
Need human oocytes to derive human ES cells.

Differences due to cell lines or actual reprogramming?