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RUSVM Vet Prep Spring 16 > Vet Term 1 > Flashcards

Vet Term 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Physiology.

A

Deals with functions of the body parts; that is, how they work.

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2
Q

Anatomy.

A

Study of structure and the relationship among structures.

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3
Q

Surface Anatomy.

A

study of the form (morphology) and markings of the surface of the body.

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4
Q

Gross (macroscopic) Anatomy.

A

study of structures that can be examined without using a microscope.

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5
Q

Systemic (systematic) Anatomy.

A

study of specific systems of the body such as the nervous or respiratory system.

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6
Q

Regional Anatomy.

A

study of a specific region of the body such as the head or chest.

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7
Q

Radiographic Anatomy.

A

study of the structure of the body that includes the use of x-rays.

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8
Q

Developmental Anatomy.

A

study of development from the fertilized egg to adult form.

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9
Q

Embryology.

A

study of development from the fertilized egg through the eighth week in utero.

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10
Q

Histology.

A

microscopic study of the structure of tissues.

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11
Q

Cytology.

A

chemical and microscopic study of the structure of cells.

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12
Q

Pathological Anatomy.

A

study of structural changes (from gross to microscopic) associated with disease.

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13
Q

Cell Physiology.

A

study of the function of cells.

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14
Q

Pathophysiology.

A

study of functional changes associated with disease and aging.

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15
Q

Exercise Physiology.

A

study of changes in cell and organ functions during muscular activity.

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16
Q

Neurophysiology.

A

study of functional characteristics of nerve cells.

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17
Q

Endocrinology.

A

Study of hormones (Chemical regulators in the blood) and how they control body functions.

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18
Q

Cardiovascular physiology.

A

Study of functions of the heart and blood vessels.

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19
Q

Immunology.

A

Study of body defense mechanisms.

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20
Q

Respiratory Physiology.

A

Study of functions of the air passageways and lungs.

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21
Q

Renal Physiology.

A

Study of the functions of the kidneys.

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22
Q

Levels of organization.

- 6 types.

A

The body (human and animal) consist of several layers of structural organization that are associated with one another:

  • Chemical.
  • Cellular.
  • Tissue.
  • Organ.
  • System.
  • Organism.
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23
Q

Levels of organization.

- Chemical.

A

Level of organization of the smallest components. Include all atoms and molecules in the body.
Certain atoms such as carbon hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and calcium are essential for maintaining life.
Atoms can combine to form molecules in the body. Some examples of molecules are: proteins carbohydrates fats and vitamins.

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24
Q

Levels of organization.

- Cellular.

A

Molecules combined to form the cellular level.
Cells are the basic structural functional units an organism.
Among the many kinds of cells in the body are: muscle cells, nerve cells, and blood cells.
Cells contain specially structures called organelles such as the nucleus mitochondria and lysosomes that perform specific function.
Organelles are structural and functional components of cells.

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25
Q

Levels of organization.

- Tissue.

A

Tissues are groups of cells on the material surrounding them that usually rides from common ancestor cells and work together to perform a particular function

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26
Q

Levels of organization.

  • Tissue.
  • 4 types.
A

Epithelial. Collective. Muscle. Nervous.

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27
Q

Levels of organization.

  • Tissue.
    • Epithelial.
A

Covers body surfaces. Lines hollow organs, body cavities and ducts.

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28
Q

Levels of organization.

  • Tissue.
    • Connective.
A

Protects and supports the body and its organs. Binds organs together, stores energy reserves as fat and provides immunity.

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29
Q

Levels of organization.

  • Tissue.
    • Muscles.
A

Responsible for movement and generation of force.

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30
Q

Levels of organization.

  • Tissue.
    • Nervous.
A

Initiates and transmits action potentials (nerve impulses) that help coordinate body activities.

31
Q

Levels of organization.

- Organ.

A

Throughout the body different kinds of tissues combine to form the organ level.
Organs are structures that are composed of two or more different types of tissues, have specific functions and usually have recognizable shapes.
Ex. Heart liver lungs brains and stomach

32
Q

Levels of organization.

- System.

A

The system consists of several related organisms have a common function.
Ex. The organs of the digestive system which breaks down and absorb food, include the mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.
Other organs - the salivary gland (which produce saliva), liver and pancreas are also part of the digestive system because a release material needed for digestion.
Sometimes an organ is part of more than one system. The pancreas for example, is part of the digestive system and the hormone producing endocrine system.

33
Q

Levels of organization.

- Organismic.

A

The largest level.

All parts of the body functioning with one another comprise a total organism - One living individual/ animal.

34
Q

Life processes.

- 6 types.

A

All of informs carry on certain processes that distinguish them from nonliving things.
- Metabolism. Responsiveness. Movement. Growth. Differentiation. Reproduction.

35
Q

Life processes.

- Metabolism.

A

The sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body.
Phases of metabolism: Catabolism. Anabolism.

36
Q

Life processes.

  • Metabolism.
    • Catabolism.
A

Involves breaking down large complex molecules into smaller simpler ones
- Ex. The splitting of protein in food into amino acids the building blocks of proteins.
During catabolism, oxygen provided by the respiratory system and nutrients broken down in the digestive system are used to generate chemical energy in the form that can be used by body cells to carry out their activities.

37
Q

Life processes.

  • Metabolism.
    • Anabolism.
A

Uses The energy from catabolism to build the structural and functional components of the body.
- Ex. The synthesis of proteins that make up muscles and bones.
Some metabolic processes create chemical wastes. These leave the body (excreted), mainly by the way of the the urinary system (in urine), the respiratory system (exhalation of carbon dioxide), and the digestive system (in feces).

38
Q

Life processes.

- Responsiveness.

A

The ability to detect and respond to changes in the external or internal environment.
Different cells that have different sorts of changes and respond in characteristic ways.
- Ex. Neurons (nerve cells) respond by generating electrical signals called action potentials (nerve impulses).
Muscle cells respond by contracting: they become shorter to move body parts.
Endocrine cells in the pancreas respond to elevated blood glucose (sugar) level by secreting the hormone insulin. Other body cells respond to insulin by taking of glucose which lowers the blood level to normal.

39
Q

Life processes.

- Movement.

A

Includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, or even organelles inside cells.
- Ex. The coordinated contraction of several leg muscles moves the whole body from one place to another when the animal walks or runs.
After eating a meal that contains fats, the gallbladder contracts and release as well to help in the digestion of fat.
When the body tissue is damaged or infected, certain white blood cells move from the blood into the tissue to help clean up and repair the area.

40
Q

Life processes.

- Growth.

A

This is an increase in size that results from an increase in the number for size of cells.

41
Q

Life processes.

- Differentiation.

A

This is the change that a cell undergoes to develop from unspecialized to a specialist state.
Specialized cells have structural and functional characteristics that differ from their undifferentiated ancestor cells.
Ex. Several different types of red and white blood cells differentiate from the same type of undifferentiated ancestor cells and red bone marrow.
Also through differentiation, a fertilized egg develops into an embryo, and then into a fetus, infant and finally an adult.

42
Q

Life processes.

- Reproduction.

A

Organisms reproduce, creating subsequent generations of similar organisms.

43
Q

Skeletal System.

- Cranial.

A

Consists of the cranium, the mandibles, hyoids (supports the tongue).

44
Q

Skeletal System.

- Post cranial.

A

Everything besides the cranial skeleton: the vertebrae, ribs, and limb bones.

45
Q

Skeletal System.

- Axial skeleton.

A

Portions of the post cranial skeleton that comprise the main axial or trunk of the body.
Includes the vertebrae, ribs, and sternum.

46
Q

Skeletal system.

- Appendicular.

A

Composed of the appendages or limbs.

47
Q

Directional terms.

- Ventral.

A

The belly or underside of a body.

Ex. The navel is ventral to the spine

48
Q

Directional Terms.

- Cranial.

A

Towards the head.

Ex. The heart is cranial to the liver

49
Q

Directional Terms.

- Caudal.

A

Closer to the tail than another structure.

Ex. The hip (pelvis) is caudal to the ribs

50
Q

Directional Terms.

- Dorsal.

A

Towards the back.

Ex. The spine is dorsal to the breast bone (sternum)

51
Q

Directional Terms.

- Proximal.

A

Closer to the point of attachment (origin) to the body than another structure.
Ex. The femur or thigh bone is the proximal bone of the rear leg

52
Q

Directional Terms.

- Distal.

A

Farther from the point of attachment to the body than another structure.
Ex. The phalanges (bones of the digit)(fingers) are distal to the carpal bones (carpals)(wrist)

53
Q

Planes of the Body.

A

Imaginary lines that are used descriptively to divide the body into sections, making it possible to “look inside” and observe the structures of the body.

54
Q

Planes of the Body.

- Dorsal.

A

Plane that divides the body into dorsal (back) and ventral (belly parts).
AKA frontal or coronal plane

55
Q

Planes of the Body.

- Transverse.

A

Divides the body into cranial and caudal parts.

Ex. It is also called the horizontal plane or gross-sectional plane

56
Q

Planes of the Body.

- Sagittal.

A

A vertical plane that divides the body into right & left sides.
If such a plan passes through the midline of the body and divides it into equal right and left sides, midsagittal (median) plane.
If the Sagittal plane does not pass through the middle in but instead divides the body into unequal right and left sides, it is called a parasagittal plane.

57
Q

Body Cavities.

A

A hole or hollow space within the body that contains, protects, separates, and supports internal organs.

58
Q

Body Cavities.

- Cranial

A

Hollow space in the skull that contains the brain.

59
Q

Body Cavities.

- Spinal.

A

Hollow space within the spinal column that contains the spinal cord.

60
Q

Body Cavities.

- Thoracic (chest).

A

Hollow space writhing the ribs between the neck and diaphragm that contains the heart and lungs.

61
Q

Body Cavities.

- Abdominal.

A

Hollow space between the diaphragm and pelvic cavity that contains the major organs of digestion.

62
Q

Body Cavities.

- Pelvic.

A

Hollow space that contains. sigmoid colon, rectum and anus. urinary bladder. organs of the reproductive system.

63
Q

Body Cavities.

- Serous Membrane.

A

Thin slippery tissue that lines the walls of body cavities and covers the organs within them. Double layered

64
Q

Body Cavities.

- Visceral serous membrane.

A

The inner membrane in contact with the organ.

65
Q

Body Cavities.

- Parietal serous membrane.

A

The outer membrane which lines the cavity.

66
Q

Body Cavities.

  • Thoracic (chest).
    • 2 pleural cavities.
A

Each surrounds a lung.
Fluid-filled space between the part of the serous membrane that covers the lung and the part that lines the wall of the thoracic cavity.

67
Q

Body Cavities.

  • Thoracic (chest).
    • Mediastinum.
A

The area between the lungs.

Occupied by the heart, great vessels, trachea, right and left bronchi, esophagus, lymph nodes, lymph vessels and nerves.

68
Q

Body Cavities.

  • Thoracic (chest).
    • Pericardial cavity.
A

Surrounds the heart.
Fluid-filled space between the part of the serous membrane that covers the hear and part that lines the thoracic cavity.
Visceral pericardium covers the heart.

69
Q

Body Cavities.

- Abdominopelvic.

A

Divided into two portions although no wall separates them.

The serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity and covers the organs within it is called the peritonium.

70
Q

Body cavities.

  • Abdominopelvic.
    • Mesenteries.
A

Fused layers of peritonium.
Suspend organs in this cavity.
Permit blood vessels and nerves to connect with their organs.

71
Q

Body cavities.

  • Abdominopelvic.
    • Cranial (front) portion.
A

The abdominal cavity.

- Contains the stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, and most of the large intestine

72
Q

Body cavities.

  • Abdominopelvic.
    • Caudal (rear) portion.
A

Pelvic cavity.

- Contains the urinary bladder, portions of the large intestine, and the internal organs of reproduction

73
Q

Body cavities.

  • Abdominopelvic.
    • Retroperitoneal.
A

Located behind the peritonium.
- The kidneys and pancreas are closely attached to the posterior wall of the Abdominopelvic cavity and do not have mesenteries.
They are covered by the parietal peritonium.

RUSVM Vet Prep Spring 16 (6 decks)

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