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RUSVM Vet Prep Spring 16 > Micro 1 > Flashcards

Micro 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Microbiology

A
  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Bacteriology
  • Mycology
  • Parasitology
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2
Q

Immunology

- White Blood Cells

A
  • Granulocytes
  • Lymphocytes
  • Phagocytes
  • non-cellular components
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3
Q

Immunology

  • White Blood Cells
  • Granulocytes
A
  • neutrophils
  • eosinophils
  • basophils
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4
Q

Immunology

  • White Blood Cells
    • Lymphocytes
A
  • B and T cells
  • lymph nodes filter lymph
  • communicate and respond to problems
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5
Q

Immunology

  • White Blood Cells
    • Lymphocytes: B cells
A
  • produce specific antibodies
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6
Q

Immunology

  • White Blood Cells
    • Immunology: T cells
A
  • T helper cells: direct B cells

- cytotoxic T cells: attack foreign material

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7
Q

Immunology

  • White Blood Cells
    • Phagocytes
A
  • macrophages/ (monocyte - name when it’s in the blood stream)
  • eat the killed bacteria/ clean up process
  • neutrophils & eosinophils are capable, but not their sole job
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8
Q

Immunology

  • White Blood Cells
    • non cellular components
A
  • antibodies - specific for an antigen
  • complement
  • cytokines/chemokines
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9
Q

Virology

A
  • small
  • needs host cell to metabolize
  • DNA or RNA
  • some have enzymes (retrovirus have reverse transcriptase)
  • capsid (made of proteins) - cage that holds genome making material for virus & envelope that is derived from host cell plasma membrane that surrounds capsid
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10
Q

Bacteriology

A
  • Prokaryotes:
  • can metabolize
  • unicellular
  • Domain: Bacteria or Prokarya
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11
Q

Mycology

A
  • Eukaryotes
  • Fungi: can be multicellular
  • membrane bound nucleus
  • have a cell wall (plant cell)
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12
Q

Mycology

- forms

A
  • yeast
  • mold
  • dimorphic
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13
Q

Mycology

- Yeast

A
  • unicellular form
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14
Q

Mycology

- Mold

A
  • multicellular form
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15
Q

Mycology

- dimorphic

A
  • unicellular or multicellular

- most common

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16
Q

Parasitology

A
  • Eukaryotic
  • true nucleus with cell membrane
  • unicellular: protozoans; Kingdom Protista & Chromista
  • multicellular: metazoans; Kingdom animalia
    Ex. Nematodes, cestodes, platyhelmenthese
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17
Q

Microscopes

A
  • Light Microscope
  • Transmission Electron Microscope
  • Confocal Microscope
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18
Q

Microscope

- Light

A
  • Stain gives better visualization & contrast to clear structures on a white background
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19
Q

Microscopes

- Electron

A
  • Looking through a very thin sample that was stained with a heavy metal/lead or uranium
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20
Q

Microscopes

- 3 types

A
  • Light Microscope
  • Transmission Electron Microscope
  • Confocal Microscope
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21
Q

Microscope

- Light

A
  • Stain gives better visualization & contrast to clear structures on a white background
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22
Q

Microscopes

- Electron

A
  • Looking through a very thin sample that was stained with a heavy metal/lead or uranium
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23
Q

Microscopes

- Confocal

A

Contrast provided via fluorescence over a black background

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24
Q

Microscopes

- Phase Contrast

A
  • Light is bent in different ways before is passed through the subject over a dark field
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25
Q

Microscopes

- ESEM

A
  • Electron scanning emission microscope
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26
Q

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

1632 - 1723

A
  • “First” to discover microscope / make magnification better
  • Made a spherical glass/ lenses to look at small details/ magnified image of fabric’s thread quality
  • Got magnification up to 600x
  • Moved on to pond/rain water and saw moving things - animals or bacteria or Protozoa
  • medal: lifetime achievement in microbiology (awarded every 10 years)
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27
Q

Robert Hooke

1635-1703

A
  • Discovered the “real” microscope first
  • Micrographics
  • Coined the term “cells” while looking at cork (plants/trees)
28
Q

Joseph Lister

1827-1912

A
  • Father of Aseptic Techniques for surgery
  • improper cleaning of surgical instruments lead to post surgical infections.
  • Listeria - bacteria that grows in cold conditions (ice cream, milk, salads, etc)

His father - Joseph Jackson Lister

  • combined convex and concave lenses to give the Achromatic Lenses
  • reduced fraction of light passing through lenses to give a clearer image
29
Q

Reid

A

Father of Parasitology
- Known for work with liver fluke - Fasciatis hepatica
- Ascaris (roundworms) - Ascaris lumbricades (human species
- did not believe in Spontaneous Generation
Ex. Maggots do not just appear in rotting meat, but come from flies

30
Q

Needham

A

Priest and biology

  • tried to prove spontaneous generation: “killed” everything in a broth by boiling it & waiting to see if bacteria/mold still grew
  • microbes still grew because he left it open
31
Q

Lazaro Spallanzani

1729-1799

A

Catholic priest

  • built on Needham’s experiment by sealing half the jars of boiled nutrient broth and leaving the other half open
  • ALMOST disproved spontaneous generation
  • BUT “air was required” for spontaneous generations which he did not provide as one of his tests
32
Q

Louis Pasteur

1822-1895

A

Father of Microbiology

  • Pasteurization: heating of liquids for safer consumption
  • contributed the swan-neck flask to DISPROVE spontaneous generation: allowed air into the sample without allowing other contaminations
  • isolated Pasteurella in Fowl Cholera & created first vaccine against it (human transmission by cat bites)
  • create first vaccines for Rabies (virus) & Anthrax - Bacilluls anthracis (bacteria)
33
Q

Charles Chamberland

1851-1908

A
  • worked under Pasteur
  • First to notice how inoculation worked: gave old culture of Pasteurella to chickens & none died. Then gave fresh culture to same chickens and still none died
  • found they acquired an immunity
34
Q

Dmitri Ivanosky

1864-1920

A
  • Russian Botanist
  • Worked with TMD (tobacco mosaic disease(virus)) very transmissible disease among plants/tobacco
  • first to find a non cellular disease that could pass on its disease (virus) using Chamberland filter to isolate disease
35
Q

Emile Roux

1853-1933

A
  • First developed version of a rabies vaccine
  • Discovered that Cholera (diarrhea) was caused by bacteria Vibrio cholera epidemic
  • discovered Diphtheria was caused by bacteria Corynebacterium diphtheriae
36
Q

Nobel Prize

A

Started because Alfred Nobel discovered dynamite but his brother, who just died, was given the credit, and he saw at his funeral that people did not like it (cause of mayhem and bad for mankind).
So Alfred started the Nobel prize to encourage people to be recognized for good advancements in human history.

37
Q

Emil Von Behring

1854-1917

A
  • Created an antiserum for Diphtheriae
  • injected antibodies into an organism that will produce a response that you can isolate and inject into another organism to instigate immunity
  • FIRST NOBEL PRIZE FOR PHYSIOLOGY & MEDICINE IN 1901 FOR HIS DISCOVERY AND AVAILABILITY OF THE ANTISERUM
38
Q

Robert Koch

1843-1910

A
  • 2nd Father of Microbiology
  • German Physician
  • Nobel Prize: discovered causative agent of tuberculosis
  • discovered causative agent for cholera
  • isolated anthrax
  • used solid media to grow organisms - Petri dish (agar - solid at room temperature) (previously used solid: potato skins; previously used liquid: broth)
39
Q

Robert Koch

- Postulates 1884

A
  • Microorganism must be found in abundance in the organism or host suffering from the disease & should NOT be found in healthy individuals
  • Microorganism must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture (solid media)
  • Cultured Microorgansim should cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism
  • Microorganism must be reisolated from the inoculated diseased experimental host & identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent
  • if all of those are consistent with the same organism, and disease was caused in the original organism & experimental organism
    THEN that is the causative agent
40
Q

Theobald Smith

1859-1934

A
  • Epidemiologist that work with veterinarians
  • Discovered causative agent of Texas Cattle fever: Babesia
  • that southern cattle were less sensitive than northern cattle
  • ticks were the vector of the disease
  • first discovery that Arthropoda could transmit disease
  • discovered Salmonella with his boss David Salmon : did not get credit
41
Q

Charles Laveran

1845-1922

A
  • Worked with malaria
  • Protozoans in blood cells cause disease & were transmitted by mosquitoes
  • worked with African sleeping disease : Trypanosoma
  • Nobel Prize in 1907
42
Q

Ronald Ross

1857-1932

A
  • Also worked with malaria
  • found in the gut of mosquitos
  • discovered avian malaria (assumed it was human)
  • suggested mosquito control = malaria control
  • received second Nobel Prize in 1902
43
Q

Giovanni Battista Grassi

1854-1924

A
  • Discovered human malaria parasite
  • never received a Nobel Prize for his work (Koch was the arbitrator & drama)
  • worked out the lifecycles of parasites
  • worked on human tapeworms & roundworms (self experimenting)
44
Q

David Bruce

1855-1932

A
  • British military
  • Worked with Trypanosoma bruceii/ African Sleeping Sickness & Nagana in cattle
  • discovered tsetse fly as vector
  • worked with bacteria Brucella (caused undulant fever (low grade) in humans and abortions in sheep
45
Q

Walter Reed

1851-1902

A

-Most remembered for work with Yellow Fever in Cuba (issue while building Panama Canal - workers kept d)
- Carlos Finlay : discovered it came from a virus carried by mosquitoes called Flaviviruses
Ex. Dengue, West Nile, Yellow Fever

46
Q

Elie Metchnikoff

1845-1916

A
  • Russian zoologist
  • Father of Natural Immunity
  • worked with starfish larvae
  • studied phagocytosis (cells engulfing material)
  • Nobel Prize in 1908 for discoveries in basic immunology
47
Q

Paul Ehrlich

1854-1915

A
  • German physician
  • shared Nobel Prize in 1908
  • worked with stains: acidic vs basic vs neutral stained different parts of cells
  • basis of gram staining
  • mast cell: inflammation response of immune system
  • found treatment for trypanosoma & syphilis
  • arsenic
48
Q

Edward Jenner

1749-1823

A
  • Father of Immunology
  • advanced the practice of “variolation” by demonstrating use of cowpox to immunize against smallpox
  • Pasteur coined term “vaccine” after his work with cowpox Variolae Vaccinae
49
Q

Why do organisms want to get in and do they always cause problems

A
  • living bodies are usually attractive places for microbes (nutrient rich, protected)
  • commensalism organisms
50
Q

Pathogens

A

Capable of causing disease

51
Q

Pathogens

- virulence

A

Severity between different strains of disease

52
Q

Pathogens

- primary pathogens

A

ALWAYS likely to cause disease

53
Q

Pathogens

- opportunistic

A

Depending on the environment, it can cause disease

Ex. E. coli in the GI tract vs in urine

54
Q

Defense Mechanisms

  • Physical Barriers
  • 3 types
A
  • intact skin
  • respiratory tract
  • GI tract
  • urinary tract
55
Q

Defense Mechanisms

  • Physical Barriers
  • Intact skin
A
  • simple anatomic barrier
  • harsh, dry environment
  • sweat/enzymes; low pH
  • commensalism bacteria out-compete pathogens
56
Q

Defense Mechanisms

  • Physical Barriers
  • Respiratory tract
A
  • coughing/sneezing reflexes
  • mucous flow, “Mucocillary escalator”
  • alveolar macrophages
57
Q

Defense Mechanisms

  • Physical Barriers
  • GI tract
A
  • diarrhea/vomiting
  • low pH of stomach and bile acids
  • commensalism bacteria
58
Q

Defense Mechanisms

  • Physical Barriers
  • Urinary tract
A
  • urine flow

- low pH of urine

59
Q

Defense Mechanisms

- Innate Immunity

A
  • Generalized response to any foreign invader

- it is “hard-wired,” always “on-call,” and does not have memory

60
Q

Defense Mechanisms

  • Innate Immunity
  • Inflammation
A
  • way for defensive cells and immune system proteins (e.g. Antibodies and complement) to focus and concentrate in areas of microbial invasion
  • tumor: swelling
  • rubor: redness
  • calor: Heat
  • dolor: pain
  • [loss of function]
61
Q

Defense Mechanisms

  • Innate Immunity
  • Cellular Components
A
  • detect invaders
  • eat invaders
  • kill invaders
  • kill infected cells
62
Q

Defense Mechanisms

  • Innate Immunity
  • Molecular components
A
  • bind and kill invaders
  • Coat/identify invaders to be killed by other cells
  • prevent growth/reproduction of invaders
  • isolate or prevent the spread of invaders
  • mobilize other defense processes
63
Q

Defense Mechanisms

- Adaptive Immunity

A
  • also called “acquired immunity”
  • Takes days to weeks to become effective
  • recognize foreign invaders
  • destroys invaders using a carefully orchestrated ensemble of receptors and chemical signals (chemokines/cytokines)
  • retains memory of the encounter
64
Q

Defense Mechanisms

  • Innate Immunity
  • Recognizes foreign invaders
A
  • foreign invaders trigger the immune response due to foreign characteristics on their surface
  • antigen: any substance that causes the immune system to produce antibodies against it
  • epitope: specific piece of an antigen that an antibody binds to
65
Q

Defense Mechanisms

  • Innate Immunity
  • memory of the encounter
A
  • secondary reaction is called the “an amnestied response”

- along with memory, there is a quicker and more intense response on subsequent exposures

66
Q

Primary Cells of the Immune Response

- pluripotent

A
  • can morph into many different types of cells

Ex. Erythrocytes. Platelets. Granulocytes - basophils. Eosinophils. Neutrophils.

RUSVM Vet Prep Spring 16 (6 decks)

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