Micro 1 Flashcards
Microbiology
- Immunology
- Virology
- Bacteriology
- Mycology
- Parasitology
Immunology
- White Blood Cells
- Granulocytes
- Lymphocytes
- Phagocytes
- non-cellular components
Immunology
- White Blood Cells
- Granulocytes
- neutrophils
- eosinophils
- basophils
Immunology
- White Blood Cells
- Lymphocytes
- B and T cells
- lymph nodes filter lymph
- communicate and respond to problems
Immunology
- White Blood Cells
- Lymphocytes: B cells
- produce specific antibodies
Immunology
- White Blood Cells
- Immunology: T cells
- T helper cells: direct B cells
- cytotoxic T cells: attack foreign material
Immunology
- White Blood Cells
- Phagocytes
- macrophages/ (monocyte - name when it’s in the blood stream)
- eat the killed bacteria/ clean up process
- neutrophils & eosinophils are capable, but not their sole job
Immunology
- White Blood Cells
- non cellular components
- antibodies - specific for an antigen
- complement
- cytokines/chemokines
Virology
- small
- needs host cell to metabolize
- DNA or RNA
- some have enzymes (retrovirus have reverse transcriptase)
- capsid (made of proteins) - cage that holds genome making material for virus & envelope that is derived from host cell plasma membrane that surrounds capsid
Bacteriology
- Prokaryotes:
- can metabolize
- unicellular
- Domain: Bacteria or Prokarya
Mycology
- Eukaryotes
- Fungi: can be multicellular
- membrane bound nucleus
- have a cell wall (plant cell)
Mycology
- forms
- yeast
- mold
- dimorphic
Mycology
- Yeast
- unicellular form
Mycology
- Mold
- multicellular form
Mycology
- dimorphic
- unicellular or multicellular
- most common
Parasitology
- Eukaryotic
- true nucleus with cell membrane
- unicellular: protozoans; Kingdom Protista & Chromista
- multicellular: metazoans; Kingdom animalia
Ex. Nematodes, cestodes, platyhelmenthese
Microscopes
- Light Microscope
- Transmission Electron Microscope
- Confocal Microscope
Microscope
- Light
- Stain gives better visualization & contrast to clear structures on a white background
Microscopes
- Electron
- Looking through a very thin sample that was stained with a heavy metal/lead or uranium
Microscopes
- 3 types
- Light Microscope
- Transmission Electron Microscope
- Confocal Microscope
Microscope
- Light
- Stain gives better visualization & contrast to clear structures on a white background
Microscopes
- Electron
- Looking through a very thin sample that was stained with a heavy metal/lead or uranium
Microscopes
- Confocal
Contrast provided via fluorescence over a black background
Microscopes
- Phase Contrast
- Light is bent in different ways before is passed through the subject over a dark field
Microscopes
- ESEM
- Electron scanning emission microscope
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
1632 - 1723
- “First” to discover microscope / make magnification better
- Made a spherical glass/ lenses to look at small details/ magnified image of fabric’s thread quality
- Got magnification up to 600x
- Moved on to pond/rain water and saw moving things - animals or bacteria or Protozoa
- medal: lifetime achievement in microbiology (awarded every 10 years)
Robert Hooke
1635-1703
- Discovered the “real” microscope first
- Micrographics
- Coined the term “cells” while looking at cork (plants/trees)
Joseph Lister
1827-1912
- Father of Aseptic Techniques for surgery
- improper cleaning of surgical instruments lead to post surgical infections.
- Listeria - bacteria that grows in cold conditions (ice cream, milk, salads, etc)
His father - Joseph Jackson Lister
- combined convex and concave lenses to give the Achromatic Lenses
- reduced fraction of light passing through lenses to give a clearer image
Reid
Father of Parasitology
- Known for work with liver fluke - Fasciatis hepatica
- Ascaris (roundworms) - Ascaris lumbricades (human species
- did not believe in Spontaneous Generation
Ex. Maggots do not just appear in rotting meat, but come from flies
Needham
Priest and biology
- tried to prove spontaneous generation: “killed” everything in a broth by boiling it & waiting to see if bacteria/mold still grew
- microbes still grew because he left it open
Lazaro Spallanzani
1729-1799
Catholic priest
- built on Needham’s experiment by sealing half the jars of boiled nutrient broth and leaving the other half open
- ALMOST disproved spontaneous generation
- BUT “air was required” for spontaneous generations which he did not provide as one of his tests
Louis Pasteur
1822-1895
Father of Microbiology
- Pasteurization: heating of liquids for safer consumption
- contributed the swan-neck flask to DISPROVE spontaneous generation: allowed air into the sample without allowing other contaminations
- isolated Pasteurella in Fowl Cholera & created first vaccine against it (human transmission by cat bites)
- create first vaccines for Rabies (virus) & Anthrax - Bacilluls anthracis (bacteria)
Charles Chamberland
1851-1908
- worked under Pasteur
- First to notice how inoculation worked: gave old culture of Pasteurella to chickens & none died. Then gave fresh culture to same chickens and still none died
- found they acquired an immunity
Dmitri Ivanosky
1864-1920
- Russian Botanist
- Worked with TMD (tobacco mosaic disease(virus)) very transmissible disease among plants/tobacco
- first to find a non cellular disease that could pass on its disease (virus) using Chamberland filter to isolate disease
Emile Roux
1853-1933
- First developed version of a rabies vaccine
- Discovered that Cholera (diarrhea) was caused by bacteria Vibrio cholera epidemic
- discovered Diphtheria was caused by bacteria Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Nobel Prize
Started because Alfred Nobel discovered dynamite but his brother, who just died, was given the credit, and he saw at his funeral that people did not like it (cause of mayhem and bad for mankind).
So Alfred started the Nobel prize to encourage people to be recognized for good advancements in human history.
Emil Von Behring
1854-1917
- Created an antiserum for Diphtheriae
- injected antibodies into an organism that will produce a response that you can isolate and inject into another organism to instigate immunity
- FIRST NOBEL PRIZE FOR PHYSIOLOGY & MEDICINE IN 1901 FOR HIS DISCOVERY AND AVAILABILITY OF THE ANTISERUM
Robert Koch
1843-1910
- 2nd Father of Microbiology
- German Physician
- Nobel Prize: discovered causative agent of tuberculosis
- discovered causative agent for cholera
- isolated anthrax
- used solid media to grow organisms - Petri dish (agar - solid at room temperature) (previously used solid: potato skins; previously used liquid: broth)
Robert Koch
- Postulates 1884
- Microorganism must be found in abundance in the organism or host suffering from the disease & should NOT be found in healthy individuals
- Microorganism must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture (solid media)
- Cultured Microorgansim should cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism
- Microorganism must be reisolated from the inoculated diseased experimental host & identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent
- if all of those are consistent with the same organism, and disease was caused in the original organism & experimental organism
THEN that is the causative agent
Theobald Smith
1859-1934
- Epidemiologist that work with veterinarians
- Discovered causative agent of Texas Cattle fever: Babesia
- that southern cattle were less sensitive than northern cattle
- ticks were the vector of the disease
- first discovery that Arthropoda could transmit disease
- discovered Salmonella with his boss David Salmon : did not get credit
Charles Laveran
1845-1922
- Worked with malaria
- Protozoans in blood cells cause disease & were transmitted by mosquitoes
- worked with African sleeping disease : Trypanosoma
- Nobel Prize in 1907
Ronald Ross
1857-1932
- Also worked with malaria
- found in the gut of mosquitos
- discovered avian malaria (assumed it was human)
- suggested mosquito control = malaria control
- received second Nobel Prize in 1902
Giovanni Battista Grassi
1854-1924
- Discovered human malaria parasite
- never received a Nobel Prize for his work (Koch was the arbitrator & drama)
- worked out the lifecycles of parasites
- worked on human tapeworms & roundworms (self experimenting)
David Bruce
1855-1932
- British military
- Worked with Trypanosoma bruceii/ African Sleeping Sickness & Nagana in cattle
- discovered tsetse fly as vector
- worked with bacteria Brucella (caused undulant fever (low grade) in humans and abortions in sheep
Walter Reed
1851-1902
-Most remembered for work with Yellow Fever in Cuba (issue while building Panama Canal - workers kept d)
- Carlos Finlay : discovered it came from a virus carried by mosquitoes called Flaviviruses
Ex. Dengue, West Nile, Yellow Fever
Elie Metchnikoff
1845-1916
- Russian zoologist
- Father of Natural Immunity
- worked with starfish larvae
- studied phagocytosis (cells engulfing material)
- Nobel Prize in 1908 for discoveries in basic immunology
Paul Ehrlich
1854-1915
- German physician
- shared Nobel Prize in 1908
- worked with stains: acidic vs basic vs neutral stained different parts of cells
- basis of gram staining
- mast cell: inflammation response of immune system
- found treatment for trypanosoma & syphilis
- arsenic
Edward Jenner
1749-1823
- Father of Immunology
- advanced the practice of “variolation” by demonstrating use of cowpox to immunize against smallpox
- Pasteur coined term “vaccine” after his work with cowpox Variolae Vaccinae
Why do organisms want to get in and do they always cause problems
- living bodies are usually attractive places for microbes (nutrient rich, protected)
- commensalism organisms
Pathogens
Capable of causing disease
Pathogens
- virulence
Severity between different strains of disease
Pathogens
- primary pathogens
ALWAYS likely to cause disease
Pathogens
- opportunistic
Depending on the environment, it can cause disease
Ex. E. coli in the GI tract vs in urine
Defense Mechanisms
- Physical Barriers
- 3 types
- intact skin
- respiratory tract
- GI tract
- urinary tract
Defense Mechanisms
- Physical Barriers
- Intact skin
- simple anatomic barrier
- harsh, dry environment
- sweat/enzymes; low pH
- commensalism bacteria out-compete pathogens
Defense Mechanisms
- Physical Barriers
- Respiratory tract
- coughing/sneezing reflexes
- mucous flow, “Mucocillary escalator”
- alveolar macrophages
Defense Mechanisms
- Physical Barriers
- GI tract
- diarrhea/vomiting
- low pH of stomach and bile acids
- commensalism bacteria
Defense Mechanisms
- Physical Barriers
- Urinary tract
- urine flow
- low pH of urine
Defense Mechanisms
- Innate Immunity
- Generalized response to any foreign invader
- it is “hard-wired,” always “on-call,” and does not have memory
Defense Mechanisms
- Innate Immunity
- Inflammation
- way for defensive cells and immune system proteins (e.g. Antibodies and complement) to focus and concentrate in areas of microbial invasion
- tumor: swelling
- rubor: redness
- calor: Heat
- dolor: pain
- [loss of function]
Defense Mechanisms
- Innate Immunity
- Cellular Components
- detect invaders
- eat invaders
- kill invaders
- kill infected cells
Defense Mechanisms
- Innate Immunity
- Molecular components
- bind and kill invaders
- Coat/identify invaders to be killed by other cells
- prevent growth/reproduction of invaders
- isolate or prevent the spread of invaders
- mobilize other defense processes
Defense Mechanisms
- Adaptive Immunity
- also called “acquired immunity”
- Takes days to weeks to become effective
- recognize foreign invaders
- destroys invaders using a carefully orchestrated ensemble of receptors and chemical signals (chemokines/cytokines)
- retains memory of the encounter
Defense Mechanisms
- Innate Immunity
- Recognizes foreign invaders
- foreign invaders trigger the immune response due to foreign characteristics on their surface
- antigen: any substance that causes the immune system to produce antibodies against it
- epitope: specific piece of an antigen that an antibody binds to
Defense Mechanisms
- Innate Immunity
- memory of the encounter
- secondary reaction is called the “an amnestied response”
- along with memory, there is a quicker and more intense response on subsequent exposures
Primary Cells of the Immune Response
- pluripotent
- can morph into many different types of cells
Ex. Erythrocytes. Platelets. Granulocytes - basophils. Eosinophils. Neutrophils.
