Math & Pharm 1 Flashcards
Sources of Drugs
- Natural
- Living or non-living sources found in nature
- extraction and purification does not alter chemical nature
Ex. Cocaine
- Mineral
- Animal
- Plant
- Bacteria
- Fungi
Sources of Drugs
- Semisynthetic
- Natural source but altered chemically
- From natural sources and chemically treated
Ex. Amoxicillin, apomorphine
Sources of Drugs
- Synthetic
- Made in the lab
- Highly purified substances prepared synthetically
Ex. Sulfonamides (antibacterial), Furosemide (diuretic), Butorphanol (opioid, analgesic, antitussive), Aspirin (NSAID)
Sources of Drugs
- Natural
- 7 types
- Alkaloid
- Glycoside
- Resin
- Gum
- Tannin
- Fixed Oil
- Volatile Oil
Sources of Drugs
- Plant
- Alkaloid
- Basic nitrogenous substances that are insoluble in water and end with -ine
- salts soluble in water
- have a bitter taste
- can be precipitated by acids
Ex. Atropine, morphine, pilocarpine, physostigmine
Sources of Drugs
- Plant
- Glycosides
- Sugars combined with other organic structures (aglycone or genin)
- most undergo hydrolysis to release active ingredients
- mostly toxic, very few useful
Ex. Digitalis glycosides (digoxin, digitoxin, ouabain)
Sources of Drugs
- Plant
- Resin
- Substances formed by polymerization of volatile oils
- becomes solid when exposed to air
Ex. Weed/THC
Sources of Drugs
- Plant
- Gums
- Polysaccharides secreted by certain trees
- active ingredients in plants
- mostly used in manufacture or compounding of drugs
Ex. Acacia, tragacanth
Sources of Drugs
- Plant
- Tannins
- Non-nitrogenous plant constituents that produce astringent effect (precipitate proteins)
Ex. Oak tree can cause liver damage in excess, constipation in low doses
Sources of Drugs
- Plant
- Fixed Oils
- Stable oils and they will not evaporate when exposed to air
Ex. Cottonseed oil, castor oil, linseed oil
Sources of Drugs
- Plant
- Volatile Oils
- Will evaporate readily when exposed to air/room temp
Ex. Peppermint oil, turpentine oil, oil of clove
Sources of Drugs
- Animal
- Blood
- Plasma
- Hormones
Sources of Drugs
- Fungi or Bacteria
- antibiotics
- fungi: penicillin, streptomycin, tetracyclines, Polymyxin
- bacteria: bacitracin
Forms of Drugs
- 4 physical states
- Solid
- Liquid
- Semisolid
- Gases or vapors
Forms of Drugs
- Solid
- Powder
- Tablet
- Pill
- Bolus
- Pressure
- Suppository
Forms of Drugs
- Liquid
Mixture Tincture - Spirit - Suspension - Elixir - Emulsion - Extract - Infusion - Decoration - Injection - Liniment - Lotion
Forms of Drugs
- Semisolid
- Ointment
- Cream
- Paste
- Electuary
Forms of Drugs
- Gases or Vapors
- Aerosol
- Spray
- Mist
Forms of Drugs
- Solid - Powder
A mixture of drugs packaged in packets or sachets
Forms of Drugs
- Solid - Tablet
Active drug(s) combined with a binder and excipients. The mixture of compressed into tablets by machine
- Enteric-coated tablets: Irritant tablets or which are destroyed by gastric acid are coated with phenylsalicylate (salol) or other substance, which is insoluble in acid but will dissolve in the alkaline small intestine.
Forms of Drugs
- Solid - Pill
Consists of a mixture of drugs and a sticky binder in the form of ovoid or spherical mass, which is provided with a glazed sugar coating
Forms of Drugs
- Solid - Capsule
A container made of mixture of gelatin and glycerin and is suitable for drugs in powdered form and certain liquid drugs
Forms of Drugs
- Solid - Bolus
Large and cylindrical in shape. Used for horses and cattle
Forms of Drugs
- Liquid - Mixture
An aqueous solution or suspension intended for oral administration. Aromatic water (aqueous solution of a volatile oil such as peppermint or cinnamon) is added to prevent contamination with bacteria or mold.
Forms of Drugs
- Solid - Pessary
A conical solid preparation for intravaginal use in humans
Forms of Drugs
- Solid - suppository
A conical solid preparation given intrarectally for systemic effect in humans. It melts and releases its active ingredients after being introduced into the body
Forms of Drugs
- Semisolid - Paste
A semisolid preparation for either external use (on the skin) or internal use
Forms of Drugs
- Semisolid - Electuary
A semisolid preparation, which is applied on the back of the tongue for a systemic effect
Forms of Drugs
- Liquid - Tincture
An alcoholic liquid preparation of a nonvolatile substance either for external or internal use
Forms of Drugs
- Liquid - Spirit
An alcoholic liquid preparation of a volatile substance
Forms of Drugs
- Liquid - Suspension
An aqueous suspension of solids and usually contains a dispersion agent (gum tragacanth or methyl cellulose) to delay settling. The bottle should contain the phrase “shake well before use”
Forms of Drugs
- Liquid - Syrup
Solution of medicinal agents, flavoring and coloring agents in an 85% sucrose solution (more than 50% sucrose)