Math & Pharm 1 Flashcards
Sources of Drugs
- Natural
- Living or non-living sources found in nature
- extraction and purification does not alter chemical nature
Ex. Cocaine
- Mineral
- Animal
- Plant
- Bacteria
- Fungi
Sources of Drugs
- Semisynthetic
- Natural source but altered chemically
- From natural sources and chemically treated
Ex. Amoxicillin, apomorphine
Sources of Drugs
- Synthetic
- Made in the lab
- Highly purified substances prepared synthetically
Ex. Sulfonamides (antibacterial), Furosemide (diuretic), Butorphanol (opioid, analgesic, antitussive), Aspirin (NSAID)
Sources of Drugs
- Natural
- 7 types
- Alkaloid
- Glycoside
- Resin
- Gum
- Tannin
- Fixed Oil
- Volatile Oil
Sources of Drugs
- Plant
- Alkaloid
- Basic nitrogenous substances that are insoluble in water and end with -ine
- salts soluble in water
- have a bitter taste
- can be precipitated by acids
Ex. Atropine, morphine, pilocarpine, physostigmine
Sources of Drugs
- Plant
- Glycosides
- Sugars combined with other organic structures (aglycone or genin)
- most undergo hydrolysis to release active ingredients
- mostly toxic, very few useful
Ex. Digitalis glycosides (digoxin, digitoxin, ouabain)
Sources of Drugs
- Plant
- Resin
- Substances formed by polymerization of volatile oils
- becomes solid when exposed to air
Ex. Weed/THC
Sources of Drugs
- Plant
- Gums
- Polysaccharides secreted by certain trees
- active ingredients in plants
- mostly used in manufacture or compounding of drugs
Ex. Acacia, tragacanth
Sources of Drugs
- Plant
- Tannins
- Non-nitrogenous plant constituents that produce astringent effect (precipitate proteins)
Ex. Oak tree can cause liver damage in excess, constipation in low doses
Sources of Drugs
- Plant
- Fixed Oils
- Stable oils and they will not evaporate when exposed to air
Ex. Cottonseed oil, castor oil, linseed oil
Sources of Drugs
- Plant
- Volatile Oils
- Will evaporate readily when exposed to air/room temp
Ex. Peppermint oil, turpentine oil, oil of clove
Sources of Drugs
- Animal
- Blood
- Plasma
- Hormones
Sources of Drugs
- Fungi or Bacteria
- antibiotics
- fungi: penicillin, streptomycin, tetracyclines, Polymyxin
- bacteria: bacitracin
Forms of Drugs
- 4 physical states
- Solid
- Liquid
- Semisolid
- Gases or vapors
Forms of Drugs
- Solid
- Powder
- Tablet
- Pill
- Bolus
- Pressure
- Suppository
Forms of Drugs
- Liquid
Mixture Tincture - Spirit - Suspension - Elixir - Emulsion - Extract - Infusion - Decoration - Injection - Liniment - Lotion
Forms of Drugs
- Semisolid
- Ointment
- Cream
- Paste
- Electuary
Forms of Drugs
- Gases or Vapors
- Aerosol
- Spray
- Mist
Forms of Drugs
- Solid - Powder
A mixture of drugs packaged in packets or sachets
Forms of Drugs
- Solid - Tablet
Active drug(s) combined with a binder and excipients. The mixture of compressed into tablets by machine
- Enteric-coated tablets: Irritant tablets or which are destroyed by gastric acid are coated with phenylsalicylate (salol) or other substance, which is insoluble in acid but will dissolve in the alkaline small intestine.
Forms of Drugs
- Solid - Pill
Consists of a mixture of drugs and a sticky binder in the form of ovoid or spherical mass, which is provided with a glazed sugar coating
Forms of Drugs
- Solid - Capsule
A container made of mixture of gelatin and glycerin and is suitable for drugs in powdered form and certain liquid drugs
Forms of Drugs
- Solid - Bolus
Large and cylindrical in shape. Used for horses and cattle
Forms of Drugs
- Liquid - Mixture
An aqueous solution or suspension intended for oral administration. Aromatic water (aqueous solution of a volatile oil such as peppermint or cinnamon) is added to prevent contamination with bacteria or mold.
Forms of Drugs
- Solid - Pessary
A conical solid preparation for intravaginal use in humans
Forms of Drugs
- Solid - suppository
A conical solid preparation given intrarectally for systemic effect in humans. It melts and releases its active ingredients after being introduced into the body
Forms of Drugs
- Semisolid - Paste
A semisolid preparation for either external use (on the skin) or internal use
Forms of Drugs
- Semisolid - Electuary
A semisolid preparation, which is applied on the back of the tongue for a systemic effect
Forms of Drugs
- Liquid - Tincture
An alcoholic liquid preparation of a nonvolatile substance either for external or internal use
Forms of Drugs
- Liquid - Spirit
An alcoholic liquid preparation of a volatile substance
Forms of Drugs
- Liquid - Suspension
An aqueous suspension of solids and usually contains a dispersion agent (gum tragacanth or methyl cellulose) to delay settling. The bottle should contain the phrase “shake well before use”
Forms of Drugs
- Liquid - Syrup
Solution of medicinal agents, flavoring and coloring agents in an 85% sucrose solution (more than 50% sucrose)
Forms of Drugs
- Liquid - Elixir
A hydroalcoholic solution of medicinal agents that have been sweetened and flavored (it has a better keeping quality than a mixture because of high alcohol content)
Forms of Drugs
- Liquid - Emulsion
Consists of an oily substance dispersed in an aqueous medium with an emulsifying or dispersing agent (gum acacia, lecithin or methylcellulose)
Forms of Drugs
- Liquid - Extract
Obtained by passing the solvent over the dried plant material (percolation) then evaporation of the solvent, or placing the crude material in the solvent until the active subtance a are extracted (mace ration). If cold or warm water is used it is called infusion and if boiling water is used, t he product is called decoration
Forms of Drugs
- Liquid - Injections
Sterile solutions or suspensions in an aqueous (sometimes an oil vehicle). They are heat sterilized or if unstable to heat are filtered through Millipore filters. Some drugs are unstable in solution and are packaged aseptically in vials. They are reconstituted with sterile water immediately before use for injection. Tablets for injections are somewhat similar to powder in vials.
Forms of Drugs
- Repository (slow release form)
Sustained release forms prolong effective drug concentration in the body by providing for sustained release from the dosage form
Forms of Drugs
- External
- Semisolid : Liniment
A liquid or semisolid preparation to be applied on the skin with friction (rubbing); generally contains counter irritants used in chronic inflammation of muscles and tendons
Forms of Drugs
- External
- Semisolid : Lotion
A solution or suspension of soothing substances to be applied on the skin in acute inflammation to relieve pain
Forms of Drugs
- External
- Semisolid : Ointment
A semisolid greasy preparation in which the drug is dissolved or dispensed in a suitable base
Forms of Drugs
- External
- Semisolid : Cream
Incorporates a drug in water-oil emulsion; water will evaporation following application, leaving the drug and a thin film of oil on the skin
Forms of Drugs
- External
- Semisolid : Dusting Powder
A mixture of drugs in power form for external use such as talc or starch as absorb ants
Forms of Drugs
- Gases/Vapors : Aerosol
A drug incorporated in a suitable solvent and packaged under pressure with a propellant such as fluoridated hydrocarbon or nitrogen
Forms of Drugs
- Vehicles (solvents or carriers)
- 4 types
- Solid
- Oral
- Injectable
- Semisolid
Forms of Drugs
- Vehicles : Solid
- Starch
- Sucrose
- Talc
- Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)
- Resin
Forms of Drugs
Vehicles : Oral Medications
- Waters (peppermint water)
- Syrup
- Elixir
Forms of Drugs
- Vehicles : Injections
- Sterile water
- Sterile saline
- Propylene glycol
- Polyethylene glycol
- Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)
- Polysorbate 80 (Tween 80)
Forms of Drugs
- Vehicles : Semisolid
- Paraffin oil and wax
- Bee wax
- Vaseline
Routes of Administration
- 2 types
- Local
- Systemic
Routes of Administration
- Local
- Skin
- Nasal
- Conjunctival
- Urethral and bladder
- Vaginal
- Rectal
- Mammary
- Sublingual
- GI tract
- Otic
- Epidural
- Intraspinal
- Intrasynovial (intra-articular)
Intramedullary (into bone marrow)
Routes of Administration
- Systemic
- Oral (per so, enteral)
- Parental or by injection (IV, SQ, IM, IP)
- Inhalation (gases, vapors, aerosol)
Routes of Administration
- Oral : advantages
- Safe
- Convenient in some animals
- Economical
- No problem of infection
Routes of Administration
- Oral : disadvantages
- Inactivation of some drugs by gastric acidity, digestive enzymes, or rumen micro flora
- The presence of food may affect absorption
- The presence of drugs my affect absorption
- Activity of the GI tract affects absorption
- Irritant drugs may cause vomiting and diarrhea
- Onset of action is slow
- Unpalatability of some drugs
Routes of Administration
- Intravenous : advantages
- Accurate
- Fast onset of action
- Irritating, hypertonic, acid or basic drugs can be given
- Large volumes can be given
Routes of Administration
- Intravenous : disadvantages
- Dangerous
Routes of Administration
- Intramuscular : advantages
- Rapid absorption
- Duration of action is longer than intravenous
- Suspensions can be injected
Routes of Administration
- Intramuscular : disadvantages
- Irritant, hypertonic, acidic or basic drugs may cause tissue damage
Routes of Administration
- Subcutaneous : advantages
- Slow but constant absorption
- Longer duration of action
Routes of Administration
- Subcutaneous : disadvantages
- Slow onset
- Irritating drugs cannot be used
Posology
- Dose
- Amount of drug given to an animal to give a certain effect
Posology
- Dosage
- Amount of drug per the unit of body weight (kg or lb) and is usually mg/kg or mg/lb
Posology
- Types of doses
- 3 types
- Therapeutic (effective) dose
- Toxic dose
- Lethal dose
Posology
- Minimal therapeutic dose
- The smallest amount that has a therapeutic effect
Posology
- Maximal therapeutic dose
- The largest amount that can be tolerated without producing toxic effects
Posology
- Therapeutic dose
- The optimal dose
- Lies some place between the minimal and maximal therapeutic doses
Posology
- Effective dose fifty
- ED50
- The effective does in 50% of the animals
Posology
- Toxic dose
- Amount that produces undesirable clinical, hematological, biochemical or pathological alterations
Posology
- Lethal dose
- Dose that causes death
Posology
- Lethal dose 50
- LD50
- Dose that causes death in 50% of the animals
Sources of Drugs
- Natural
- Semisynthetic
- Synthetic
Types of Therapy
- Drug therapy
- Empirical: treat the signs, symptomatic
- Rational: treat the source of the symptoms
- Surgery (still uses drugs)
- Radiotherapy: stem cell therapy etc
- Immunotherapy
- Complementary and alternative therapy
- Gene therapy
Pharmacology
The science that deals with actions/effects of drugs on living systems
Pharmacokinetics
- movement of drugs through the body
- Absorption
- Distribution
- Biotransformation
- Excretion
Pharmacodynamics
- action of drug on the normal body
- Actions
- Mechanisms of action
- Structure-activity relationship
Applied Clinical Pharmacology
use of drugs on the diseased body
Pharmacotherapeutics
- therapeutic uses of the drug
- which drug is used for specific problems
Drug
- any chemical that is capable of altering biological function
- by stimulation or inhibition; does not create or remove
Routes of Administration
- Selection Factors
- 2 factors
- Therapeutic factors
- Drug factors
Routes of Administration
- Selection Factors
- Therapeutic
- Onset and duration of action
- Site of action
- Adverse reactions
Routes of Administration
- Selection Factors
- Drug
- Irritation
- Solubility
- pH
