Vestibular/Auditory

Question 1

What are the 6 major divisions of the Vestibular system?

Answer 1

1-Peripheral receptor apparatus
2-Central Vestibular nuclei
3-Vestibulo-ocular network (eye movement)
4-Vestibulo-spinal network (head movement)
5-Vestibulo-cerebellum network (balance)
6-Vestibulo-thalamic-cortical network (motion and spatial orientation)

Question 2

Endolymph is high in _________ whereas perilymph (CSF) is high in _________

Answer 2

Potassium, sodium

Question 3

Specialized epithelial cells that overcome inertia to transmit a signal are called?

Answer 3

Hair cells

Question 4

What are the 5 steps to transmitting a signal via hair cells?

Answer 4

1-Movement
2-Filament is pulled
3-Potassium stretch channel opens
4-potassium is removed from cell
5-High potassium depolarizes, calcium channels open and release neurotransmitter

Question 5

What viscous fluid filled sac helps hair cells overcome angular rotation inertia?

Answer 5

cupula at the base of semicircular canals

Question 6

Spinning is sensed in?

Answer 6

Semicircular canals

Question 7

Linear motion is sensed in?

Answer 7

utricle and saccule

Question 8

The otoconia is covered in calcium carbonate crystals to help sense what?

Answer 8

Linear accelaration

Question 9

What is the large nucleus in the inferior pons responsible for hearing and balance?

Answer 9

Central Vestibular nucleus

Question 10

What are the four major divisions of the Central vestibular nucleus?

Answer 10

1-superior
2-lateral
3-inferior
4-medial

Question 11

Angular motions go from the semicircular canals to where?

Answer 11

straight to the cerebellum

Question 12

Linear motions go from the otolith organs to where?

Answer 12

the vestibular nucleus to then send efferents

Question 13

What is the vestibulo-cerebellum network responsible for?

Answer 13

Control of saccades like eye movements when reading

Question 14

What makes a Nystagmus response?

Answer 14

Combination of slow phase eye movement and quick phase movement.

*such as eyes turning to the right when head turns rapidly to the left

Question 15

What is the caloric nystagmus?

Answer 15

Warm or cold water causes fluid motion. Cold causes eyes to look opposite way, warm causes eyes to look to the side with water (COWS)

Question 16

What are the 5 general steps to hearing sound?

Answer 16

1-cochlear stimulation
2-Processing sound
3-locating sound
4-forming full spatial map
5-relay to cortical area for identification and processing

Question 17

What process helps us distinguish sounds from white noise?

Answer 17

Phase locking

Question 18

The medial superior olive relies on what to determine sound location?

Answer 18

timing

Question 19

The lateral superior olive uses what to help determine location?

Answer 19

intensity

Question 20

How is the inferior colliculus set out?

Answer 20

tonographically

Question 21

What relays the sound signal to the cortical areas?

Answer 21

medial geniculate

Question 22

Where region of the brain does the sound signal go to?

Answer 22

temporal lobe (often on left but either way is only on one side)

Question 23

What is the cortical pathway to go from sound to speech?

Answer 23

• signal arrives in primary auditory area
• wenicke’s area to understand
• broca’s area to organize speech
• motor area to transmit speech signal

Question 24

The more broad end of the cochlea detects ________ frequency and the tighter coiled region detects ________ requency

Answer 24

low, high