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Neuroanatomy > Motor Systems > Flashcards

Motor Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two major motor systems?

A
  • Pyramidal (cortex to motor effector, brainstem)

- Extrapyramidal (helps modulate, basal ganglia and cerebellum)

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2
Q

What are the two major pyramidal systems?

A

1-corticobulbar

2-corticospinal

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3
Q

Where do reflexes take place?

A

spinal cord

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4
Q

Where do stereotyped, repetetive movements take place?

A
  • spinal cord
  • brainstem
  • cerebellum
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5
Q

Where do goal-directed, voluntary movements take place?

A
  • cortex

- basal ganglia

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6
Q

How many neurons are in the Pyramidal system?

A

2 neurons

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7
Q

What two things does the stretch reflex detect?

A
  • length

- rate of change

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8
Q

What are the two ways to excited a muscle spindle?

A

1-muscle stretch (relaxes muscle and contracts antagonist)

2-Gamma fiber signal (voluntary contraction or loading muscle)

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9
Q

What are the three major limbs/sections of the Internal Capsule?

A

1-Anterior limb (not clinically relevant)
2-Genu (knee or bending portion, cotricobulbar/face)
3-Posterior limb (Costicospinal/motor)

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10
Q

Roughly ____% of the pyramidal system decussates at the medulla. _______% stars ipsilateral (___% anterior and ______% lateral)

A

90, 10, 8, 2

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11
Q

Cranial nerve nuclei are part of which system?

A

Corticobulbar tract in the genu of the internal capsule

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12
Q

Which two nuclei are exceptions to being bilateral in the Corticobulbar tract?

A
  • Facial nerve from the eye down
  • Hypoglossal nerve

*both are contralateral

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13
Q

What are 5 signs of upper motor neurons (betz cells/cerebral cortex)?

A 
1-weakness of entire limb
2-Spasticity of affected muscle
3-no muscle atrophy
4-Hyperactive deep tendon reflex
5-Pathologic reflexes, babinski
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14
Q

What are 5 signs of lower motor neurons (brainstem or spinal cord)?

A 
1-Weakness in discrete muscle area
2-flaccidity of affected muscle
3-prominent muscle atrophy
4-hypoactive deel tendon reflex
5-no pathologic reflex
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15
Q

The extrapyramidal tract dealing with support posture, balance and head movements is called what?

A

Vestibulospinal tract

*relays information from the vestibular nuclei

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16
Q

Which extrapyramidal tract deals with reflex postural movements of head and visual input?

A

Tectospinal tract (originates in midbrain tectum/superior colliculus)

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17
Q

Which extrapyramidal tract originates in the red nucleus and performs planned movements?

A

Rubrospinal tract

*axons decussate in midbrain

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18
Q

The striatum is made up of what?

A

Caudate and Putamen

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19
Q

The lenticular nuclei is made up of what?

A

Putamen and globus pallidus

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20
Q

The ventral palladium is made up of what?

A

base of caudate head and ventral putamen (limbic)

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21
Q

What are the two regions of substantial nigra?

A

1-pars compacta (black due to neuromelanin)

2-pars reticulata (greyish, GABAergic, output of BG)

22
Q

What two things give input to the Basal Ganglia circuitry?

A

1-Caudate

2-putamen

23
Q

What two things are output for the Basal Ganglia circuitry?

A

1-Globus pallidus (internal segment)

2-Substantia nigra (pars reticulata)

24
Q

What two things are intrinsic for the BG Circuitry?

A

1-globus pallidus (external segment)

2-Subthalmic nucleus

25
Q

What acts as a modulatory aspect of the BG circuitry?

A

Substantia nigra (pars compacta)

26
Q

What promotes movement?

A

Dishinhibition of thalamocortical circuits

27
Q

What does the direct pathway do?

A

facilitates movement

28
Q

what does the indirect pathway do?

A

inhibits movement

29
Q

What is hyperkinesia?

A

excessive movements such as in huntingtons disease

30
Q

What is hypokinesia?

A

Decreased movement such as in parkinsons disease

31
Q

Involuntary quick jerky movements are called what?

A

Chorea

32
Q

Repetetive large amplitude involuntary movements are called what?

A

Hemiballism

33
Q

What is the anatomical sign of huntingtons?

A

striatal atrophy

34
Q

Slowness to execute a movement is called what?

A

bradykinesia

35
Q

involuntary tremor type movement is called what?

A

Dyskinesia

36
Q

Inability to initiate movement is called what?

A

Akinesia

37
Q

What is anatomically observed in parkinsons?

A

loss of substantia nigra

38
Q

In parkinson disease _______ pathway is less active while the __________ pathway is more active

A

Direct, indirect

39
Q

The modulation of ipsilateral intentional movements happens where?

A

Cerebellum

40
Q

What are the 6 landmarks of the cerebellum from a lateral view?

A 
1-Anterior lobe
2-Primary Fissure 
3-Posterior lobe
4-Tonsil
5-Flocculus
6-Middle cerebellar peduncle
41
Q

The ________ separates left and right cerebellar lobes

A

Vermis

42
Q

What is found where the two Flocculi come together that helps work with gate?

A

Nodulus

43
Q

What are the 3 cell layers of the small folia of the cerebellum?

A
  • Outer: stellate and basket cells
  • Middle: parking cells
  • inner: Granule and golgi cells
44
Q

What two fibers are afferents?

A

climbing(end on purkinje) and mossy fibers (end on granule cells)

45
Q

What cells are responsible for efferents?

A

purkinje cells (go to cerebellar nuclei or vestibular nuclei

46
Q

What are the 4 nuclei of the cerebellum?

A

1- Fastigial nucleus (vestibular)
2- Globose nucleus (muscle tone)
3- Emboliform nucleus (muscle tone)
4- Dentate nucleus (Coordinate, fine voluntary motor activity)

47
Q

What are the 3 divisions of the peduncles?

A

1-Superior (SCP): Midbrain (efferents to thalamus)
2-Middle (MCP): Pons (corticopontocerebellar afferents)
3-Inferior (ICP): Medulla (spinocerebellar afferents and efferents to brainstem)

48
Q

A lesion in a dorsal nucleus, spinocerebellar tract or ICP would cause cerebellar signs on which side?

A

Ipsilateral side

49
Q

What does a spinocerebellar ataxia affect?

A
  • Walking/balance gait problems
  • Loss of precision and timing of movement
  • Swallowing
  • depth perception
50
Q

A large cerebellum or a small foramen magnum can result in what?

A

Chiari malformation

51
Q

Degeneration of the anterior cerebellar lobe that affects Gait, trunk and lower limb ataxia is called what?

A

alcoholic cerebellar degeneration

Neuroanatomy (10 decks)

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