Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

neuro final exam > vestibular > Flashcards

vestibular Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 major organs of the vestibular system

A

vestibule and SCC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what structures are in the vestibule

A

saccule and utricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

purpose of the vestibule

A
  • respond to linear movements
  • respond to displacement to gravity
    -respond to linear acceleration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

SCC structures

A

anterior, posterior and horizontal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what do the SCC respond to

A
  • head rotational movements
  • acceleration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Vestibulochochlear nerve CN 8

A

1) vestibular branch: balance (SCC, vestibule)
2) cochlear branch: auditory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

major functions of the vestibular system

A
  • maintenance of balance and stable posture
  • postural reflexes that respond to unexpected perturbation
  • a stabilizer, acting to counteract the effect of body movement, gravity and other external forces
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what do the SCC contain

A
  • crista ampullaris or ampulla
  • cupula
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how are the cupula stimulated

A
  • rotation of the head
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

if the head is rotated to the right

A
  • cupula moves to the left
  • sterocilia are bent
  • cilia send excitatory signals
  • the firing rate of the right vestibular nerve increases and the left firing rate of the vestibular nerve decreases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

the push - pull phenomenon

A
  • if there is a change in firing rate with head movement tells the brain what movement has occured
  • increase of firing rate on the same side of the head movement
  • SCC work in their functional pairs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The SCC functional pairs

A
  • HSCC: horizontals with eachother
  • RALP: right anterior left posterior
  • LARP: left anterior right posterior
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

where are the otoliths contained

A

in the macula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what accelerations do the saccule respond to

A

up and down and forward and backwards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what accelerations do the utricle respond to

A

sideways acceleration and forward and backwards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what do the ototliths provide information for

A

body position with reference to force of gravity and linear acceleration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what do the stereocilia respond to when the head is forward

A

changes in gravity and tilt, displacement of the otoliths and sending off sensory signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

where are the vestibular nuclei located

A

on each side of the brainstem in the junction of the pons, medulla, and near the 4th ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what does the medial longitudinal fasciculus connect

A

the vestibular nuclei to the cranial nerves (3,4,6)
- helped bring out coordinated movements of the eyes through VOR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Vestibular Ocular Reflex (VOR)

A

necessary for stabilizing vision; pts whose VOR is impaired find it difficult to read, dizziness, and difficult to drive (turning head)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what tract does the VOR use

A

the medial longitudinal fasciculus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

VOR rotation to the right

A

excitation: left abducens and right rectus medialis
inhibition: left medial rectus and right abducens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what vestibular nucleus gives rise to the lateral vestibular tract

A

the lateral vestibular nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what does the lateral vestibular tract receive info form

A

otoliths, cerebellum, and vestibulocerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

where does the lateral vestubulospinal tract terminate

A

the AHC of the ipsilateral side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the action of the lateral vestibulospinal tract

A

lower limb extensors
lumbar back musculature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what vestibular nucleus does the medial vestibulospinal tract arise from

A

the medial vestibular nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what does the medial vestibulospinal tract get information from

A

the inferior vestibular nucleus and SCC

27
Q

where does the medial vestibulospinal tract terminate

A

AHC on of ipsilateral side in C spine

28
Q

what is the action of the medial vestibular nucleus

A
  • role in head motion, posture, and stable eye movement
  • cervical and upper T spine musculature
29
Q

Vestibulocerebellar connection

A
  • vestibular nucleus to the flocculonodular nobe
  • coordinate movement to calculate posture and balance control
30
Q

vestibulo-thalamo-cortical pathways

A

provides conscious awareness of head position/movement and input to the corticospinal tracts (spatial orientation)

31
Q

vestibuloocular pathway

A

controls the magnitude of muscle responses to vestibular information, including the grain of the VOR. key pathway for rehabilitation of a pt.

32
Q

onset of nystagmus in peripheral lesion

A

delayed

33
Q

onset of nystagmus in central lesion

A

immediate or delayed

34
Q

characteristics of nystagmus in peripheral

A
  • horizontal or rotatory. NOT vertical
  • Does NOT change directions
  • nystagmus ONLY if vertigo is present
35
Q

characteristics of nystagmus in central

A
  • horizontal, rotatory or vertical
  • nystagmus can change directions
  • nystagmus in the absence of vertigo
36
Q

symptoms of central lesion

A

the 4 Ds
- Diplopia: double vision
- dysphagia: trouble swallowing
- dysarthria: speaking
- dysmetria: incoordination
abnormal eye tracking
hearing loss
change in consciousness
new onset of nystagmus

37
Q

symptoms of peripheral lesion

A
  • notable onset of vertigo often described as dizziness
38
Q

Cervicogenic

A
  • associated with cervical trauma or injury
  • symptoms with moving the body on the head
  • impacts of the VOR and DVA
39
Q

3 categories of vestibular disorders (peripheral)

A
  • deficiency
  • distortion
  • fluctuation
40
Q

diagnosis of deficiency

A
  • neuronitis/labyrinthitis (viral infaction)
  • acoustic neuroma (tumor in ear)
41
Q

symptoms of deficiency

A
  • new onset
  • often severe
  • complaints of unsteadiness
  • instability
  • intense spinning
  • inability to walk
  • difficulty with vision
42
Q

distortion diagnosis

A

Benign Paroxysmal Position Vertigo (BPPV)

43
Q

general symptoms of Distortion

A
  • vertigo
  • instability increases in the presence of inappropriate sensory signals (particularly vision (elderly)
44
Q

fluctuation diagnosis

A

menieres disease, migraine associated with dizziness and vertigo

45
Q

BPPV what is it

A

it is a mechanical disorder, caused by otoconia being displaced from the macula of the utricle into the SCC
- canalithiasis or cupulolithiasis
- it is the most common cause of vertigo due to peripheral vestibular disorder
- brief episodes of vertigo when the head is moved into one of the 5 positions
- common in older adults

46
Q

5 head movements that elicit BPPV symptoms

A

1) turning over in bed
2) lying down
3) rising up in supine
4) bending forward
5) reclining head

47
Q

ways to examine by providing maneuvers

A
  • Dix Hallpike
  • Epley Manuever
48
Q

disequilibrium of aging

A
  • no single causative factor
  • multiple small summating factors including
    1) declining sensory input or inputs
    2) declining sensory processing by the CNS
    3) decreased control mechanisms for balance
    4) asking musculoskeletal system (decreases ROM and strength)
49
Q

multisensory disequilibrium

A
  • combined function of vestibular, visual and somatosensory systems
  • any combination of disorders that impair all 3 sensory systems
50
Q

symptoms of mulitsensory disquilibrium

A
  • disequilibrium when walking especially in dim lighting and uneven surfaces
  • sensory complaints such as numbness and tingling in feet
  • poor proprioception/vibratory sensation or use of SOM
  • poor use of vestibular system
  • poor vision
51
Q

menieres disease

A
  • the triad: tinnitus, hearing loss, aural fullness
  • episodes of severe vertigo with N/V
  • hearing loss at low frequencies
  • complaints of pressure or fullness in head
  • may be congenital do to an old ear infection effecting the endolympthatic sac
52
Q

patho-mechanism of menieres disease

A

increase volume of endolymph eventually leading to disruption of ionic balance between endolymph and perilymph which results in spontaneous activation of vestibular receptors unrelated to had movement

53
Q

Deficiency: unilateral vestibular loss acute

A
  • imbalance
  • assistance with gait
  • complaints of blurred vision with head movement
  • nystagmus and vertigo
  • vertical diplopia
    • romburg unable to do sharpened
  • cannot walk with head movements
54
Q

Deficiency: Unilateral Vestibular Loss chronic

A
  • decreases head movement and activity
  • decreased endurance
  • visual dependance
  • blurred vision with head movement
    • rhomburg + sharpened
  • normal gait
  • need vestibular rehab
55
Q

UVL from Acoustic Neuroma pathology

A
  • cerebello-pontine angle neoplasm
  • gradual onset
  • surgical resection of tumor usually resulting in damage to cerebellum and vestibular nerve
56
Q

symptoms of UVL

A

(mixed peripheral and central)
- unilateral hearing loss
- disequilibrium with head movement
- veering
- tinnitus

57
Q

Structures supplies by the anterior inferior cerebellar artery

A
  • vestibular nuclei
  • trig nuclei
  • CN 5
  • CN 7
  • anterolateral tract
58
Q

symptoms associated with AICA

A

(mixed peripheral and central vestibular problems)
- Labyrinth (vertigo, tinnitus and hearing loss)
- Vestibular nuclei and nerve
- cerebellar flocculus and MCP (dysmetria and ataxia)

59
Q

symptoms associated with PICA

A

also called wallenburg’s syndrome or lateral medullary infarction (mostly vertebral artery)
- vestibular nuclei (vertigo, lateropulsion, disequilibrium)
- cerebellum (dysmetria and gait ataxia)
- anterolateral tract (contralateral reduced pain and temperature of body)
- CN 5 (decrease pain and temp on face)
- solitary and vagus centers in the medulla (vomiting and nausea)

60
Q

input to the vestibular system

A
  • Labyrinthine (inner ear) activity
  • Proprioception and superficial sensation
  • Vision
  • cortex , cerebellum, reticular formation, extrapyramidal system
61
Q

outputs from the vestibular system

A
  • Cortical awareness of head body, and motion
  • Control of oculomotor activity
  • Control of posture
  • Control of motor skills and coordination
62
Q

deficiency : unilateral vestibular loss (UVL) acute

A
  • less then 3 days
  • imbalance
  • assistance with gait
  • increased imbalance with head movement
  • complaints of blurred vision with head movement
  • nystagmus and vertigo
  • vertical diplopia
  • positive Romberg and unable to sharpen
  • unable SLS
  • can’t walk with head movements
63
Q

deficiency: unilateral vestibular loss (UVL) chronic

A
  • more then 3 days
  • decreases head movement and activity
  • decreases endurance
  • visual dependence
  • blurred vision with head movement
    • romberg + sharpened
  • normal gait
  • SOT might be ok
  • NEEDS VEST REHAB
64
Q

distortion: disequilibrium of aging

A
  • no single causative factor
  • Disequilibrium on the bases of multiple small stimulating factors (declining sensory, declining balance, aging MS system)
  • gradual worsening of symptoms
  • most common symptom is disequilibrium when walking
65
Q

distortion: multi sensory disequilibrium

A
  • Refers to the combined dysfunction of vest, vision, and somatosensory systems
  • ex diabetes can cause neuropathy, retinopathy and peripheral neuropathy
66
Q

distortion: multi sensory disequilibrium symptoms

A
  • disequilibrium when walking especially in dim lighting and uneven surfaces
  • sensory complaints such as numbness and tingling in feet
  • poor proprioceptive/vibratory sensation or use of SOM
  • poor use of vestibular system
  • poor vision

neuro final exam (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions