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neuro final exam > language and cognitive centers > Flashcards

language and cognitive centers Flashcards

1
Q

the left hemisphere (dominate)

A

language and processing center

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2
Q

the right hemisphere (non-dominate)

A

spatial awareness and body awareness

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3
Q

left hemisphere anatomy of language

A

brocas area, arcuate fasciculus and peri-syvian connections, wernickes area

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4
Q

where is brocas area located

A

in the left frontal lobe

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5
Q

where is wernikes area located

A

in the left temporal lobe

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6
Q

development of arcuate fasciculus

A

white matter that develops within the first 2-3 years of life. this might be why the development of language is so time sensitive

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7
Q

what does the arcuate fasciculus connect

A

the brocas and wernickes areas

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8
Q

function of brocas area

A

expressive language

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9
Q

function of wernickes area

A

language comprehension

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10
Q

what is brocas area supplied by

A

L. MCA superior division

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11
Q

what is mernickes area supplied by

A

L MCA inferior division

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12
Q

what is arcurate fasiculus supplies by

A

both the L MCA superior and inferior devision

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13
Q

what is the most common cause of aphasia

A

cerebral infarct

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14
Q

what is aphasia

A

deficit in langage processing caused by a dysfunction in the L (dominate) hemisphere. Affects both spoken and written language

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15
Q

what CN should be tested in a pt with aphasia

A

CN IX: glossinopherigeal
CN XII: hypoglossal

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16
Q

Expression Aphasia is lesions in the

A

inferior frontal gyrus of the left hemisphere (Brocas area)

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17
Q

what is the most common etiology of expressive aphasia

A

infarct of the L MCA superior division

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18
Q

signs and symptoms of expressive aphasia

A
  • decreases fluency of spontaneuous speech
  • short phrase length
  • telegraphic speech
  • naming difficulties
  • comprehension is in tact
  • reading is slow and effortful
  • frustration and depression: pt is aware of deficit
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19
Q

Receptive aphaisa is lesions in the

A

superior posterior portion of the temporal lobe
(wernickes area)

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20
Q

what is the most commin etiology of receptive aphasia

A

infarct of the L MCA inferior division territory

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21
Q

signs and symptoms of receptive aphasia

A
  • impaired comprehension
  • lacks responce to questions
  • speech has normal fluency and grammatical structure
  • speech is empty and meaningless
  • naming impaired
  • commonly associated with visual fuild cut (might want to check CN2)
  • pts are unaware of deficits
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22
Q

Occulsion of L stem MCA: massive or global aphasia signs and symptoms

A
  • R hemiplegia
  • Front-temporal-parietal lesion
  • difficulties with speaking, listening and reading
  • limited speech
  • impaired auditory comprehension
  • brain damage is massive
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23
Q

recovery of aphasis symptoms last longer then 2-3 mo after stroke

A
  • complete recovery is unlikely
  • some people improve over years and decades
  • need to help both the pt and the family understand the nature of aphasia and learning compensatory strategies for communicating
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24
Q

what is neglect most closely related to

A

damage to the right temporo-parietal junction and posterior parietal cortex. Right MCA stem

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25
Q

what sensation areas does left sided neglect

A

visual, auditory, proprioceptive, and olfactory

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26
Q

hemi-neglect syndrome: processing deficit

A
  • unaware of their deficit (anosognosia)
  • loss of representation of space on the left
  • inattention of space to the left
  • MCA stem infarct: right parietal or frontal cortex (global aphasia)
  • improvement seen with return of spatial attention in. a few weeks
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27
Q

what time frame of left hemi-neglect would have a poor prognosis

A

no return or change in 4 weeks after stoke

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28
Q

what is a common difficulty with pt with lesion in the non-dominate (right hemisphere)

A
  • visual-spatial analysis, construction abilites, severe personality or emotional changes
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29
Q

what part of the brain carries out emotional content

A

cingulate gyrus

30
Q

interventions for spatial neglect

A
  • forced use
  • constraint induced
  • patching eye
30
Q

test for left hemi-spatial neglect

A

1) place a mark in the middle of the line
2) cross the lines
3) circle the As
4) which fingers are being pointed up
5) draw a house
6) draw a clock

31
Q

what does the association cortex include

A

most of the cerebral surface of the human brain and are largely responsible for the complex processing that goes o between the arrival of input in the primary sensory cortex and the generation of behavior

32
Q

unimodal motor association cortex project predominantly into the

A

primary motor cortex

33
Q

what is the unimodal association cortex important for

A

formulating the motor program for a complex action involving multiple joints

34
Q

the heteromodal association cortex has

A

bidirectional connections with both motor and sensory association cortex of all modalities and bidirectional connections with the limbic system

34
Q

the arrangement of the heteromodal association cortex allows for

A

the highest-order mental functions. we are intelligent humans through this association

35
Q

unimodal is (blank) specific

A

modality specific

36
Q

heteromodal is (blank) specific

A

higher order

37
Q

what areas of the brain are unimodal

A
  • the motor association cortex
  • the somatosensory association cortex
38
Q

heteromodal areas of the brain

A
  • forntal heteromodal association cortex (prefrontal cortex)
  • Lateral parietal and temporal heteromodal association cortex
39
Q

frontal cortex functions

A
  • executive function and complex behavior
40
Q

partial cortex functions

A
  • attention
  • awareness
41
Q

temporal cortex functions

A

recognition

42
Q

association cortex functions

A
  • higher order processing
  • motor planning
  • language processing and production
  • visual- spatial orientation (directional)
  • socially appropriate behavior
43
Q

what are the 3 major divisions of the frontal lobe

A

1) primary motor cortex
2) premotor cortex - planning movement and speech
3) prefrontal cortex - the executer, higher consciousness and decision making

44
Q

Functions of the frontal lobe

A
  • restraint (inhibition)
  • initiate (motivation)
  • order (performing squencing tasks
  • working memory
45
Q

the limbic system functions

A
  • motivation
  • balance of the frontal lob and limbic system
  • a way for us to connect
  • enjoyment
46
Q

functions of the prefrontal association cortex

A

(RIO)
- restrain (repress inappropriate behavior)
- Initiative (motivation)
- Order (correctly perform sequencing tasks)

47
Q

what is the prefrontal association cortex bidirectional connects

A
  • amygdala (emotions)
  • thalamus (relay)
  • hippocampus (remember)
  • BG (plans)
  • hypothalamus
48
Q

signs and symptoms if the frontal lobe is damages

A
  • lack of emotional control (profanities) : due to restraint being gone
  • Unable to stick to plans due to organization being gone
  • Personality changes
49
Q

neuroanatomy of the prefrontal cortex

A
  • dorsolateral (DLPFC) : regulation of attention behavior
  • Orbitofrontal (OFPFC) : impulse control
50
Q

The dorsolateral (DLPFC) prefrontal cortex function

A
  • regulation of attention behavior
  • attention and working memory, cognitive control, executive functions (develops into adulthood: works with the hippocampus)
  • helps us make choices
51
Q

Orbitofrontal (OFPFC) prefrontal cortex function

A
  • works with the limbic system
  • social judgment, impulse control
  • involvement is associating things, rewards cognition, personality
  • involves in conscious reappraise strategies to emotional regulation
52
Q

what does the anterior cingulate cortex do

A

affect, selective attention and social interactions

53
Q

what does the amygdala do

A
  • emotional stress and learning
  • prefrontal activation in threatening and social situations, part of the limbic system, required for fear condition and accurate emotion regulation.
  • Survival
54
Q

what does the hippocampus do

A
  • learning and conscious memory
  • facilitate learning and memory processing
55
Q

short term memory in the prefrontal cortex

A

acts acts a “scratch-pad” for temporary recall of information which is being processes at any point in time

56
Q

working memory in the prefrontal cortex

A
  • amygdala: emotional memory
  • Hippocampus: long term
  • cerebellum: procedural memory
57
Q

what is the hypothalamus role in emotion regulation

A
  • physiological context of emotion
  • ANS endocrine functions on emotion. Changes in BP and HP
  • primary output of the limbic system
  • connected to frontal lobe, brain stem, reticular formation, hippocampus
  • regulates the amount of fear, thirst, sexual drive, and aggression felt
58
Q

what does the reticular formation do

A

hightens awareness

59
Q

what does the prefrontal cortex do for emotion regulation

A
  • modulates emotions
  • inhibitory inputs to the amygdala
  • component in TBI, loss of emotion modulation
  • if it is damages the pt will have hightened emotional responces
60
Q

function of the cingulate cortex

A

primary cortical component of the limbic system that is involves in emotional and cognitive processing

61
Q

function of the olfactory bulb

A

not part of the limbic system but it is in close proximity to it which is why smells are highly triggering to memories

62
Q

Apraxia

A
  • dominate hemisphere (left)
  • inability to carry an action is response to a command in the abstance of a comprehension deficit
  • not well localized int eh brain and can be cause by lesion in different locations
  • 1/3 of pts with aphasia have apraxia
63
Q

types of apraxia

A
  • dyspraxia
  • perseveration
  • ideation apraxia
64
Q

dyspraxia

A

movement based problem; clumsy and unable to manipulate objects appropriately
ex: will put the key in the wrong side

65
Q

perseveration

A

performing an action over and over again

66
Q

ideation apraxia

A

the pt cannot recall how to perform everyday activities

67
Q

Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder

A
  • brain disorder in the PFC that is characterized by poor attention span and hyperactivity
  • impulsivity and hyperactivity
68
Q

treatments for ADHD

A

stimulants of dopamine and norepinephrine system increase attention and concentration

69
Q

ADHD involves daily maturation of what system

A

DLPFC: dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex

neuro final exam (7 decks)

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