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neuro final exam > neurotransmitters > Flashcards

neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two types of neurotransmitter transmission

A

1) electrical
2) neurotransmission

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2
Q

electrical transmission

A
  • information is processes electricaly
  • ionic current flows passively though the synaptic junction
  • not able to control as easily
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3
Q

what is the main disadvantage of the electrical synapses

A

the signal transduction which occurs at a very high speed through gap junctions

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4
Q

neurotransmission transmission

A

neurons communicate with each other by secreting and responding to neurotransmitters (chemicals)

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5
Q

what types of channels do neurotransmitters flow through

A

gates channels

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6
Q

the movement of ions

A

move though synaptic membrane through channels (passive) or pumps (active).

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7
Q

post synaptic receptors : transport

A
  • receptors are anchored to the post synaptic membrane
  • may directly open channels or indirectly (through messenger systems)
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8
Q

what are the 2 main types of cannels

A

1) open : open all of the time (might be leaky)
2) closed ; have 2 states (open or closes/resting)

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9
Q

voltage gated (Ions)

A
  • open and close in response to electrical charge across the membrane
  • changes in positive or negative ions such as K+, Na+, Ca+, Cl-
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10
Q

example of a voltage gates channel

A
  • pharm Ca+: voltage gated calcium channels able to treat heart disease by targeting calcium channels
  • Ca+ blockers (Nifidepine); used to lower BP
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11
Q

modality-gated (sensory) is activated by

A

stretch, pressure or movement

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12
Q

where do modality - gated channels occur in

A
  • touch receptors of the skin
  • hearing a balance in the inner ear
  • temperature changes in the skin
  • chemicals such as the tongue
  • pain sensations
  • stretch receptors in the muscle
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13
Q

example of modality - gated channels in PT

A

TENS, hot and cold modalities

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14
Q

pumps

A

Na+ and K+ pump (active) requiring ATP
- 20-40% of the brains synapses are pumps
- moves ions against their concentration gradient
- works to maintain concentration gradients

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15
Q

what is a neurotransmitter

A

a chemical substance that is released at the end of a nerve fiber by the arrival of a nerve impulse and by diffusing across the synapse or junction, causes the transfer of the impulse

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16
Q

where are neuromodulators releases

A

into the extracellular fluid (NOT THE SYNAPTIC CLEFT)

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17
Q

how do neuomodulators work

A
  • act on multiple neurons at the same time
  • act slower and have longer lasting effects
  • act in junction with NTs
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18
Q

Cholinergic NT

A

acetylcholine (ACh) - excitatory

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19
Q

Amino Acid NT

A

aminobutyric acid (GABA) - Inhibitory
Glutamate - Excitatory
Glycine - inhibitory
Aspartate - Excititory

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20
Q

Amine NT

A

Dopamine - inhibitory or excitatory
Histamine - Usually inhibitory
Norepinephrine - inhibitory or excitatory
Serotonin / Meltatonin - inhibitory

21
Q

Peptide NT

A

Endorphines - usually inhibitory
Enkephalines - usually inhibitory
Substance P - Excitatory

22
Q

Nitiric oxide

A

Excitatory NT

23
Q

what are the 2 neurotransmitters that increase with exercise

A

Endorphines and Enkephalines

24
Q

what is glutamate

A
  • excitatory NT
  • widespread throughout the CNS
  • associated with attention, learning, functioning, and memory
  • essentrial role in neuroplasticity (LTP) in the hippocampus and neocortex
25
Q

what can high levels of glutamate lead to

A

cell death by setting off the inflammatory response called excitotoxicity with a toxic level of Ca+

26
Q

what is GABA

A
  • main inhibitory NT
  • found throughout the CNS
  • helps put us to sleep
27
Q

what is Gabapentin or Neurontin

A
  • anti seizure medication
  • also can be used for neuropathic pain
  • similar to GABA
  • inhibition of nerve connunication
28
Q

what is Baclofen

A
  • anti-spasticity medication
  • similar in structure to GABA
29
Q

what is Valproic acid

A
  • anti seizure medication
  • similar in structure to GABA
30
Q

what is acetylcholine (ACH)

A
  • mostly excitatory or facilitatory
  • neuromuscular junction
  • ANS preganglionic and postganglionic neurons
    receptors: Nicotinic and Muscarinic
31
Q

Dopamine functions as a hormone and NT

A
  • generally excitatory
  • movement, memory, rewards and motivation (why it is often associated with addiction)
  • limbiv system connection (happiness)
  • retina
32
Q

where is dopamine found

A
  • brainstem
  • BG
  • Substantia Nigra (PD)
33
Q

reward pathways with dopamine

A
  • cocaine and other amphetamines affect reuptake leading to longer dopamine activity, producing euphoria and stereotype behaviors.
  • require more of the drug to produce the same affect
34
Q

treatment strategy for PD

A
  • increasing dopamine levels by administering L-Dopa nerve grafting with dopamine containing cells and deep brain stimulation
35
Q

serotonin

A
  • generally inhibitory
  • associated with mood, appetite and sleep
  • often used for depression meds
  • used for pain reduction (slow acting)
36
Q

where is Serotonin

A

90% located in the GI tract; 10% in the brain

37
Q

what is low levels of serotonin associated with

A

depression

38
Q

Prozac

A

is a selective blocker of serotonin reuptake resulting in serotonin remaining in the synapses longer

39
Q

what are the distinct pathways of norepinephrine in the brain

A

cerebral cortex, limbic system and the SC

40
Q

what is norepinephrine

A
  • hormone and NT
  • works in the areas of the brain that relate to attention and responding
41
Q

where is norepinephrine found

A
  • smooth muscle
  • ANS postganglionic sympathetic cells
  • brain stem regions
42
Q

ADHD ritalin meds

A

increase norepinephrine and increases dopamine

43
Q

norepinephrine as a hormone

A
  • effects the amygdala, were attention and responses are controlled
  • underlines the sympathetic nervous system (increase HR and BP and peripheral vasoconstriction)
44
Q

epinephrine as a hormone

A

underlines the sympathetic nervous system (increase HR and BP, peripheral vasocontriction, increase lipid breakdown, coronary dilation and bronchial dialation, convert glycogen to glucose)

45
Q

where is substance P found

A
  • excitatory / facilitory
  • SC
  • BG
  • Limbic system
46
Q

what is related to high levels of substance P

A
  • changes the perception of pain in individuals with fibromyalgia
47
Q

endorphines

A
  • are endogenous opioid neuropeptides
  • Releases positive feeling
  • they are produces by the CNS and pituitary gland
  • increases by exercise
  • reduce the intensity of pain sensed by the brain
48
Q

Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF)

A

-protein from the neurotrophin family
- acts in neurons in the CNS and PNS
- Exercise induced neurogenesis

49
Q

BDNF exercises induced neurogenesis function of the brain areas

A
  • hippocampus: associated with higher learning and memory
  • cortex: facilitates nerve growth, differentiation of synapses
  • Basal forebrain: long term memory

neuro final exam (7 decks)

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