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neuro final exam > neuroplasticity > Flashcards

neuroplasticity Flashcards

1
Q

synaptic plasticity

A

the biological process by which specific pattern of synaptic activity result in changes in the synaptic strength and is thought to contribute to learning and memory

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2
Q

what can contribute to the expression of synaptic plasticity?

A

both pre-synaptic and post-synaptic mechanisms
- presynaptic: with more neurotransmitters
- postsynaptic with more receptors

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3
Q

what happens to the brain when things are learned

A

the brain does not have to activate as much because it will become more specific and the neuro synapses will be stronger

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4
Q

what is long term potentiation (LTP)

A
  • is the long term increase in synaptic strength
  • the dendritic heads are larger which create more synaptic stability
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5
Q

what is BDNF

A
  • brain derived neurotrophic factor
  • increase in GF leads to an increase in neurogenesis
  • aerobic exercise helps to increase BDHF because O2 helps deliver BDNF
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6
Q

Hebbian Plasticity

A
  • increases in synaptic strength between neurons that fire together
  • neurons that wire together fire together
  • synaptogenesis
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7
Q

neural networks

A

is the idea that there are different inputs (triggers) that can all lead to the same output. This is why we should provide many different experiences to our patients to accomplish the same goal

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8
Q

experience dependent plasticity

A

with repetition of a specific stimulus, the pairing of pre and post synaptic firing, synthesis and activation of proteins which alter the excitability of the neuron
- this can either inhibit or promote the growth of new synapses especially at the dendritic spine

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9
Q

when can changes at the neuronal level start to happen in experience-dependent plasticity

A

day 4

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10
Q

when could changes at the cortes level start to happen in experience dependent plasticity

A

day 8-10

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11
Q

experience expectant learning period

A

during the sensitive period

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11
Q

experience expectant learning lifespan

A

early in life

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11
Q

experience expectant learning language

A

development of primary language

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11
Q

is experiment expectant learning general or specific

A
  • general
  • well are all exposed to visual stimuli, thus the brain expects it and is highly responsive to it
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12
Q

experience dependent learning lifespan

A

over the lifespan in response to the environment

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13
Q

experience dependent learning period

A

no optimal period. You are never too young or old to learn

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14
Q

experience dependent learning language

A

2nd language (dependent on exposure to the language)

15
Q

is experience dependent learning general or specific

A
  • specific to the individual and their experiences
16
Q

what are the 10 principles of neuroplasticity

A

1) use it or lose it
2) use it or improve it
3) specificity
4) Repetition
5) Intensity
6) Age
7) Salience
8) Time
9) Transference
10) Interference

17
Q

use it or lose it

A

failure to “drive” specific brain functions leads to functional degradation.
ex: using a prolonged feeding tube you will lose the natural circuitry for swallowing

18
Q

Use it or improve it

A
  • Forced use (constraint induced) : increases cortical activation of the remaining cerebral cortex
19
Q

parameters for forced use

A
  • therapy 5 hrs a day + wear mit 90% of waking hours for 10-15 days
  • effective 3-21 month post injury (do not do in the acute setting)
20
Q

specificity

A
  • the more specific we are at learning motor skills the better we get at the skill
  • association with dendritic growth
  • motor skill acquisition is shown to change in activation patterns in the motor cortex
  • if already learned nothing will change in the cortex
21
Q

how much repetition is needed

A
  • 300 to 1000 a day
  • needs to be relevant, rewarding and geared to individuals need
22
Q

intensity

A
  • should always be changing speed, processing accuracy, and methods
  • improve working memory by adding a cognitive task with the motor task
  • use a noise / distractor suppression to either inhibit for enhance outside noises depending on the goals
  • types and amount of motor activity may be critical
23
Q

salience matters

A
  • the pt has to buy into the treatment (how important is the treatment to the pt)
  • cognitive, emotional, and motivation processes all play a role by overlapping networks
  • the overlap of networks include to prefrontal cortex, cigulate, amygdala, striatum, hypothalamus, hippocampus, insula, and parietal regions
24
Q

why does age matter

A
  • younger brains have more potential for neuroplasticity
  • brain consumes 20% of O2 and Nutrients: older people more difficulty allocating
  • neurogenesis occurs over the lifespan however it is more takes more energy as we get older
24
Q

Interference

A

cognitive, motor or sensory information that runs “interfere” with a planned goal
- ex: have them do dual tasks to improve attention sills and automatic balance

24
Q

Transference

A
  • training in one area enhancing the training in another
  • consider future plans and think positively to enhance plasticity
25
Q

where does neuroplasticity occur in

A

brain circuits not just synapses

26
Q

when multiple brain modalities are used

A

there is a greater neuroplasticity and greater learning

27
Q

rythmic auditory stimulation

A

walking to a beat assists patients with neurological dysnfunction to ambulate more effectively

28
Q

unconscious motor learning (the cerebellar factor)

A
  • memories related to movement in the cerebellum are very permanent and well designed
  • possibly a factor in plasticity in the motor system; memories are still in tact
29
Q

what brain regions involves plasticity for memory coordination of movements

A

the cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum

30
Q

rehabilitation builds upon

A

methods of visualization, cognitive load, coordintaiton, timing of activity and communication

31
Q

specifics of neuroplasticity

A
  • training at a faster speed than self- selected speed
  • repetition of a task with problem solve (thinking through)
  • progressing the difficulty and regular intervals
32
Q

how to increase the level of difficulty

A
  • adding a cognitive load
  • adding different sensory or motor aspects of task
  • gait (sensory loading, hip position, GRF)
  • sit to stand (biomechanics, activation patterns)
  • postural control (static balance and biomechanics)
33
Q

white matter changes

A

large scale axonal remodeling and changes in anisotrophy

34
Q

gray matter changes

A
  • synaptogenesis
  • angiogenesis
  • glieagenesis
  • neurogenesis
  • increase in cell size
  • increase of interstitial fluid or blood flow
35
Q

what area of the brain does BDNF assist in the neuroplastic of

A

cerebellum, hippocampus, SC, cerebral cortex

36
Q

aerobic exercise enhances the output of the BDF through

A
  • cognitive funciton
  • mobility
  • gait
37
Q

what should the task order be in rehab

A

1) aerobic bout (to prime for neuroplasticity)
2) motor training (to increase LTP and dendrite formation)

neuro final exam (7 decks)

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