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Whitney - Anatomy Test 2 > Vessels and Circulation Part 1 > Flashcards

Vessels and Circulation Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Heart

A

The mechanical pump that propels the blood through the vessels

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2
Q

What do BVs transport?

A

Oxygen, nutrients, and wast products

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3
Q

The heart and BVs for a:

A

Closed-loop system

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4
Q

True or False:

Blood vessels are rigid and immobile

A

FALSE

They pulsate and change shape and course in accordance with the body’s needs

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5
Q

________ circulation consists of the blood vessels that extend to and from the body tissues

A

Systemic

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6
Q

_______ circulation consists of the vessels that take the blood to the lungs for gas exchange and then return oxygenated blood to the heart

A

Pulmonary

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7
Q

Three main classes of BVs

A

Arteries, capillaries, and veins

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8
Q

Arteries

A

Convey blood away from the heart to the body tissues

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9
Q

What do arteries branch into and what occurs here?

A

Capillaries, where gas and nutrient exchange occur

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10
Q

Veins

A

Return blood to the heart

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11
Q

Anastomosis

A

Site where two or more vessels merge to supply the same body region

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12
Q

What can arterial anastomoses provide?

A

They can provide alternate blood supply routs to tissues and organs

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13
Q

Anatomical end arteries

A

Vessels whose terminal branches do not anastomose (e.g. Renal Artery)

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14
Q

What happens if an anatomical end artery becomes blocked?

A

The tissues will be deprived of oxygen and an “infarct” develops

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15
Q

True or False:

Veins tend to form many more anastomoses than do arteries

A

True

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16
Q

Functional end arteries

A

anastomoses are so small that arteries may be considered end arteries (e.g. coronary arteries)

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17
Q

Three layers (tunics) of BVs

A 
Tunica intima or interna (inner layer)
Tunica media (middle layer)
Tunica externa or adventitia (outer layer)
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18
Q

What is the tunica intima/interna made up of?

A

Layer of simple squamous epithelium (endothelium)

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19
Q

What is the Tunica Media made up of?

A

Smooth muscle under autonomic control

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20
Q

Narrowing of the blood vessel lumen

A

Vasoconstriction

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21
Q

Widening of the blood vessel lumen

A

Vasodilation

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22
Q

What is the tunica externa/adventitia made up of?

A

Areolar CT w/ elastic and collagen fibers & nerve fibers

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23
Q

What is the function of the tunica externa/adventitia?

A

Helps anchor the vessel to other tissues, protects & supports vessels

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24
Q

Vasa Vasorum

A

Small blood vessels that supply the cells of the wall

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25
Q

Compared to a vein, the lumen diameter of an artery is

A

Narrower than a vein

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26
Q

Compared to a vein, the general wall thickness of an artery is

A

Thicker than vein

27
Q

Artery cross-sectional shape vs. Vein cross-sectional shape

A

Artery retains its shape, while the vein tends to flatten and collapse

28
Q

Thickest tunic of an artery

A

Tunica Media

29
Q

Thickest tunic of a vein

A

Tunica Externa

30
Q

Elastic/Collagen fibers in artery vs. in vein

A

More in the artery than in the vein

31
Q

Compared to veins, how does the blood pressure differ in arteries?

A

BP is higher in arteries

32
Q

How do the SYSTEMIC blood oxygen levels differ in arteries and veins?

A

In arteries, blood is high in O2

In veins, blood is low in O2

33
Q

How do the PULMONARY blood oxygen levels differ in arteries and veins?

A

In arteries, blood is low in O2

In veins, blood is high in O2

34
Q

Three basic types of arteries

A

elastic arteries
muscular arteries
arterioles
(based on artery size and function)

35
Q

What are the characteristics of elastic areteries, where are they found, and what are some examples?

A

Thick-walled, high proportion of elastic fibers throughout tunica media
Near the heart
Example: Aorta, pulmonary arteries, brachiocephalic trunk, common carotid, and iliac

36
Q

What are the functions of elastic arteries?

A

Dampen BP changes associated with heart contraction

Passive accommodation results in smooth flow of blood

37
Q

What are the characteristics of muscular arteries?

A

Think tunica media, more smooth muscle

Elastic fibers restricted to internal and external lamina

38
Q

True or False

Arterioles are not under autonomic control

A

False

Vasoconstriction and vasodilation occur in arterioles

39
Q

Common Arterial Disorders

A

Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis
Hypertension
Aneurysms

40
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

Hardening of the arteries

41
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Fatty deposits build up in the inner lining of an artery, eventually causing it to narrow and restrict blood flow

42
Q

Aneurysms

A

Ballooning and/or rupture of the vessel

43
Q

Cardiac infarct and Cerebral infarct

A

Blockage of blood flow to heart/brain resulting from occlusion of the lumen of arteries

44
Q

Atherosclerosis Risk Factors

A

Genetics, hypercholesterolemia, sex (male), age, smoking, hypertension

45
Q

Capillaries

A

Smallest blood vessels, connect arterioles to venules

46
Q

What tunica do Capillaries contain?

A

Tunica lamina consisting of a basement membrane and endothelium

47
Q

What is the function of a Capillary?

A

Allow gas and nutrient exchange between the blood and the body tissues to occur rapidly

48
Q

True or False:

Capillary beds function independently

A

False

Capillaries are fed by metarteriole with precapillary sphincter

49
Q

What is the continuation of the metarteriole called?

A

Thoroughface channel

50
Q

Three types of capillaries

A

Continuous capillaries
Fenestrated capillaries
Sinusoids (discontinuous capillaries)

51
Q

Where are continuous capillaries found?

A

Muscle, skin, lungs, CNS

52
Q

Where are fenestrated capillaries found?

A

GI tract, kidney, endocrine glands

53
Q

Where are sinusoids found?

A

Suprarenal glands, spleen, liver, anterior pituitary

54
Q

True or False

Arteries hold more of the body’s blood at rest than veins

A

False

Veins hold about 60% of the body’s blood at rest

55
Q

Venules

A

Merge from veins
Thinner walls and less muscle
Mostly elastin in tunica media
Tunica externa is thickest wall

56
Q

How do veins prevent blood backflow?

A

Valves

57
Q

Skeletal muscle pump

A

As skeletal muscles contract, veins are squeezed to help pump the blood toward the heart

58
Q

Varicose Veins

A

Dilated, tortuous veins
Caused by nonfunctional valves
Most common in lower limb
Causes: Genetics, aging, stress, standing, obesity, pregnancy

59
Q

Deep Vein Thrombosis

A

Blood clot or thrombus, most serious complication is PE
Common in sural (calf) or femoral (thigh) region
Causes: pregnancy, “economy class syndrome”

60
Q

Systolic BP

A

during ventricular contraction (120)

61
Q

Diastolic BP

A

during ventricular relaxation (70)

62
Q

Hypertension

A

Chronically elevated BP

Damage to vessel wall –> thickening of wall –> decrease in lumen size

63
Q

Pulmonary Circulation

A

Carrying deoxygenated blood from right side of the heart to the lungs, then returning newly oxygenated blood to left side of the heart

Whitney - Anatomy Test 2 (8 decks)

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