Biomechanics Flashcards

1
Q

Tendons attach the muscle to:

A

Bone, skin, or another muscle

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2
Q

What is usual structure of a tendon?

A

Thick, cordlike

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3
Q

Tendons sometimes form a thin, flattened sheet, termed ______

A

aponeurosis

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4
Q

Origin

A

Less movable attachment of a muscle

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5
Q

Insertion

A

More movable attachment of the muscle

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6
Q

Insertion is pulled ______ (toward/away from) the origin.

A

Toward

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7
Q

Origin typically lies _______ (proximal/distal) to the insertion

A

Proximal

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8
Q

Name the Four Organizational Patterns in Fascicles (of muscle fibers)

A

Circular
Convergent
Parallel
Pennate

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9
Q

Circular

A

Muscle is also called a sphincter b/c contraction of the muscle closes off the opening

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10
Q

Convergent

A

Muscle has widespread muscle fibers that converge on a common attachment site and are often triangular is shape

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11
Q

Parallel

A

Fascicles run parallel to its long axis

- have a central body, called the belly, or gaster

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12
Q

Pennate

A

Have one or more tendons extending through their body, and the fascicles are arranged at an oblique angle to the tendon (strongest muscles)

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13
Q

Example of Circular

A

Orbicularis oris

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14
Q

Example of Parallel: Strap-like

A

Stemocleidomastoid

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15
Q

Example of Parallel: Fusiform

A

Biceps Brachii

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16
Q

Example of Convergent

A

Pectoralis major

17
Q

Example of Unipennate

A

Flexor pollicis longus

18
Q

Example of Bipennate

A

Rectus femoris

19
Q

Example of Multipennate

20
Q

Effort (load or moment arm) = ?

A

Work required (the muscles do the work(

21
Q

Load (load or resistance arm) = ?

A

What is being resisted or being moved (the body part)

22
Q

Fulcrum = ?

A

Point of movement (the joint)

23
Q

Resistance Arm

A

Distance between axis and point of resistance application

24
Q

Force Arm

A

Distance between axis and point of force

25
Lever Formula
F x FA = R x RA
26
In the body, a long bone acts as a ______, a joint serves as the ______, and the _____ is generated by a muscle attached to the bone.
lever fulcrum effort
27
Three Classes of Levers in the Body
``` First-class Second-class Third-class ```
28
First-class Lever System
Has a fulcrum in the middle, between the force and the resistance
29
Second-class Lever System
Resistance is between the fulcrum and the applied force
30
Third-class Lever System
Force is applied between the resistance and the fulcrum | Most common levers in the body
31
Muscle Agonists
aka Prime Mover | contracts to produce a particular movement
32
Muscle Antagonists
Actions oppose those of the agonists
33
Synergists
Assist the prime mover in performing its action The contraction contributes to tension exerted close to the insertion of the muscle or stabilizes the point of origin; may also stabilize the origin of the agonist Called fixators