Biomechanics

Question 1

Tendons attach the muscle to:

Answer 1

Bone, skin, or another muscle

Question 2

What is usual structure of a tendon?

Answer 2

Thick, cordlike

Question 3

Tendons sometimes form a thin, flattened sheet, termed ______

Answer 3

aponeurosis

Question 4

Origin

Answer 4

Less movable attachment of a muscle

Question 5

Insertion

Answer 5

More movable attachment of the muscle

Question 6

Insertion is pulled ______ (toward/away from) the origin.

Answer 6

Toward

Question 7

Origin typically lies _______ (proximal/distal) to the insertion

Answer 7

Proximal

Question 8

Name the Four Organizational Patterns in Fascicles (of muscle fibers)

Answer 8

Circular
Convergent
Parallel
Pennate

Question 9

Circular

Answer 9

Muscle is also called a sphincter b/c contraction of the muscle closes off the opening

Question 10

Convergent

Answer 10

Muscle has widespread muscle fibers that converge on a common attachment site and are often triangular is shape

Question 11

Parallel

Answer 11

Fascicles run parallel to its long axis

- have a central body, called the belly, or gaster

Question 12

Pennate

Answer 12

Have one or more tendons extending through their body, and the fascicles are arranged at an oblique angle to the tendon (strongest muscles)

Question 13

Example of Circular

Answer 13

Orbicularis oris

Question 14

Example of Parallel: Strap-like

Answer 14

Stemocleidomastoid

Question 15

Example of Parallel: Fusiform

Answer 15

Biceps Brachii

Question 16

Example of Convergent

Answer 16

Pectoralis major

Question 17

Example of Unipennate

Answer 17

Flexor pollicis longus

Question 18

Example of Bipennate

Answer 18

Rectus femoris

Question 19

Example of Multipennate

Answer 19

Deltoid

Question 20

Effort (load or moment arm) = ?

Answer 20

Work required (the muscles do the work(

Question 21

Load (load or resistance arm) = ?

Answer 21

What is being resisted or being moved (the body part)

Question 22

Fulcrum = ?

Answer 22

Point of movement (the joint)

Question 23

Resistance Arm

Answer 23

Distance between axis and point of resistance application

Question 24

Force Arm

Answer 24

Distance between axis and point of force

Question 25

Lever Formula

Answer 25

F x FA = R x RA

Question 26

In the body, a long bone acts as a ______, a joint serves as the ______, and the _____ is generated by a muscle attached to the bone.

Answer 26

lever
fulcrum
effort

Question 27

Three Classes of Levers in the Body

Answer 27

First-class
Second-class
Third-class

Question 28

First-class Lever System

Answer 28

Has a fulcrum in the middle, between the force and the resistance

Question 29

Second-class Lever System

Answer 29

Resistance is between the fulcrum and the applied force

Question 30

Third-class Lever System

Answer 30

Force is applied between the resistance and the fulcrum

Most common levers in the body

Question 31

Muscle Agonists

Answer 31

aka Prime Mover

contracts to produce a particular movement

Question 32

Muscle Antagonists

Answer 32

Actions oppose those of the agonists

Question 33

Synergists

Answer 33

Assist the prime mover in performing its action
The contraction contributes to tension exerted close to the insertion of the muscle or stabilizes the point of origin; may also stabilize the origin of the agonist
Called fixators