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Animal Diversity Yr 2 > Vertebrates 1 > Flashcards

Vertebrates 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Approximately … of animals are vertebrates

A

1%

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2
Q

Around half of vertebrates are … and half are …

A

amniotes, fish (mainly actinopterygiii)

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3
Q

The amniotes and the non-amniotes separated in the…

A

late Devonian

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4
Q

How many orders of mammals are there?

A

27

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5
Q

How many orders of birds are there?

A

41

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6
Q

How many reptile orders are there?

A

4

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7
Q

How many amphibian orders are there?

A

3

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8
Q

There is … wherever you look on the phylogenetic tree

A

asymmetry
- e.g numbers of orders, number of species within each order or group (half of all bird species are passerines yet this is only 1 of 41 orders)

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9
Q

550MYA there were…

A

separate continents

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10
Q

300MYA there was…

A

one single continent called pangaea, formed from the merging of other continents through continental drift - pangaea is the main birthplace of terrestrial vertebrates

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11
Q

150MYA…

A

pangaea broke apart

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12
Q

The number of vertebrate species reached a maximum around…

A

12 million years ago

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13
Q

What is the smallest vertebrate?

A

Paedophryne amauensis - 7mm long frog

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14
Q

What is the largest vertebrate?

A

Blue whale - 33m

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15
Q

What depth have snailfish been found at?

A

8000m

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16
Q

Barheaded geese have been seen flying…

A

over the Himalayas at over 8000m of altitude

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17
Q

What is the fastest reproducing vertebrate?

A

Killifish - life cycle takes 2 weeks

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18
Q

… animals are usually vertebrates as an … … existence requires different feeding modes

A

large, energetically expensive

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19
Q

Most vertebrates … … whereas some … … to … …

A

lay eggs, give birth, live young

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20
Q

Vertebrates play important … roles, and are often at the … of most … chains

A

ecological, top, food

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21
Q

We know much more about vertebrates than invertebrates as they have been studied more for longer.

A

Correct

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22
Q

Give an e.g. of convergent evolution (analagous characteristics)

A

Shark, ichthyosaur, dolphin

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23
Q

Give an example of divergent evolution (homologous characteristics)

A

Human hand, horse hoof, dolphin fin, bat wing

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24
Q

For each living species of vertebrate there may be as many as … extinct species

A

100

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25
Q

Approximately … of vertebrate species are endangered

A

20%

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26
Q

What is an endostyle?

A

structure on floor of pharynx for producing mucus for filter feeding - believed to be homologous to thyroid gland in vertebrates

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27
Q

Larval stage lampreys are..

A

filter feeders (endostyle becomes thyroid gland in adult)

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28
Q

What makes vertebrates different from invertebrate chordates?

A
  • Presence of vertebrae (usually replace notochord - notochord reduced to discs between vertebrae) - although lampreys and hagfish don’t have fully formed vertebrae, but instead have rudiments (arcualia)
    + Cranium (bony, cartilaginous or fibrous) - with vertebrae makes up endoskeleton
  • Duplication of hox gene complex (homeobox genes) 0 several duplication events
  • Development of neural crest (neural crest cells are migratory and multipotent - responsible for new structures, especially in head - could be considered another germ layer, making vertebrates quadroblastic)
  • Placodes (give rise to complex sense organs)
  • Brain of vertebrates larger + has 3 parts
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29
Q

Gnathostomes have vertebrae that…

A

grow around the vertebral column

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30
Q

Vertebrates have increased body size and increased activity. Cephalochordates are up to 10cm long, whereas jawless vertebrates are 10-100cm long. Therefore they can’t rely on … action or …, to achieve the energy required for their higher … …. They have also evolved the ability to sustain periods of … … which can allow bursts of activity

A

ciliary, diffusion, metabolic rates, anaerobic respiration

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31
Q

Vertebrates also have … tissues, whereas non-vertebrate chordates don’t. For example, bones are strengthened by the unique mineral … (calcium and phosphorous), which is more resistant to … acid after … respiration. Mineralised tissues are made up of … fibres, … tissue matrix and hydroxyapatite, allowing hardness, protection, and flexibility of lightweight materials

A

Mineralised, hydroxyapatite, lactic, anaerobic, collagen, proteinaceous

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32
Q

… types of tissues can be mineralised. These are…

A

six

  • mineralised cartilage
  • bone (highly vascularised so can repair itself) - 2 types: dermal (in skin) and endochondral (inside - requires unmineralised cartilage framework to form)
  • enamel, enameloid and dentine (teeth, exoskeleton, dermal scales of cartilaginous fishes)
  • cementum (fastens teeth in sockets)
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33
Q

Bone and mineralised cartilage are … mineralised

A

70%

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34
Q

At the start of vertebrate evolution there are no … tissues. Basic units of this tissue are found in early vertebrates called …, e.g. the … armour of …

A

mineralised, odontodes (dermal), dermal, ostracoderms

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35
Q

Ostracoderms are an extinct group of … vertebrates

A

jawless

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36
Q

Bones are thought to be … in origin

A

dermal (in the skin)

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37
Q

What are the enamel structures on the skin of sharks called?

A

Denticles

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38
Q

Jawless vertebrates (e.g. hagfish and lamprey) have … endoskeletons

A

unmneralised

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39
Q

Why did mineralised tissues evolve?

A
  • Defensive structure
  • Protected electroreceptors
  • Storage/regulation of phosphorous and calcium
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40
Q

What is the group found 500MYA that was for a while though to be the earliest vertebrate group?

A

Conodonts (with teeth-like structures in pharynx)

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41
Q

What is now thought to be the earliest vertebrate?

A

Myllokunmingia - 530MYA - had skull and skeletal elements made of cartilage
+ haikouichthys

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42
Q

It is believed that the earliest vertebrates originated in a … environment

A

marine

  • paleontological evidence (fossils in marine deposits)
  • comparative physiology (invert chordates + other deuterostomes are marine with isotonic body fluids to marine water + so are hagfish)
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43
Q

Some ostracoderms evolved a … fin and … fins such as

A

dorsal, paired (pectoral)

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44
Q

The present day agnathans (hagfishes and lampreys) are in the group …

A

cyclostomes

- don’t have any mineralised tissues

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45
Q

All vertebrates except jawless vertebrates show…

A

alpha/beta split of haemoglobin globins (which occured 500MYA
- the common ancestor of hagfish and lampreys predates this split so they diverged before this

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46
Q

Most lampreys are … and have teeth made of … rather than mineralised tissues. They use a … tongue to grind tissues and take them up with blood. They also produce an …

A

predacious, keratin (a protein), rasping, anticoagulant

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47
Q

lampreys display … ventilation through their gill slits as they cant pass water through their mouth when latched onto prey

A

tidal

- not particularly efficient

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48
Q

Which part of a lamprey’s anatomy prevents water flowing back into the mouth?

A

Velum

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49
Q

Lamprey’s retain their … throughout their life and their vertebrae are minute …

A

notochord, arcualia

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50
Q

Lamprey’s have a single … connected to the anterior …

A

nostril, pituitary

51
Q

Lamprey larvae are … …

A

filter feeders

52
Q

Many lampreys spend their adult life in the … and return to … to breed, meaning they are ….

A

sea, freshwater, anadromous

53
Q

Lampreys find streams by following … released by …

A

pheromones (bile acids), larvae

  • detected at low concentrations and produced in large quantities
54
Q

Some lampreys became landlocked so complete their life cycles in freshwater … … (USA)

A

great lakes (in the 1920s)

55
Q

What are the 3 british species of lamprey?

A

Brook lamprey (doesn’t feed as adult)
River lamprey
Sea lamprey

56
Q

Hagfishes are generally regarded as … and may use slime to help them catch prey as they may potentially be predacious

A

scavengers

57
Q

Hagfish can acquire nutrients….

A

through their skin and gills and tolerate anaerobic conditions in carcasses

58
Q

Hagfish don’t have a … fin but do have a … fin

A

dorsal, caudal

59
Q

Hagfish are the only vertebrates with blood…

A

isosmotic to the sea

60
Q

Hagfish have very small … with skin over them. Other senses are more important, and they have organs such as … for this

A

eyes, barbels

61
Q

Hagfish have a … biased sex ratio

A

female

62
Q

Hagfish dont have a … …

A

stage

63
Q

Hagfish … themselves in … to pull food off carcasses

A

tie, knots

64
Q

What are the jawed vertebrates known as?

A

The gnathostomes

65
Q

The jaw evolved from the … … … (… …)

A

anterior branchial arch (mandibular arch)

66
Q

What supports the jaw?

A

Hyoid arch (this becomes part of the jaw in later gnathostomes such as the sharks

67
Q

It is thought that the arch enlargement (which lead to the evolution of the jaw) first…

A

aided ventilation rather than feeding, as it functioned in closing and opening the entrance to the pharynx
- facilitated more active lifestyle

68
Q

However, the mandibular arch doesn’t form a … … … in any living vertebrate or fossil and has different … to the rest of the gill arches

A

functional gill arch, development

69
Q

It is thought that … had to evolve before the jaw could evolve as too much space was taken up with …

A

diplorhiny, monorhiny

70
Q

Which fins control pitch?

A

Pelvic and pectoral

71
Q

Which fins control yaw?

A

dorsal and anal

72
Q

The genes responsible for the dorsal fin of the lamprey are also responsible for..

A

the midline and paired fins in bony fishes (same genetic mechanism in different location) - these same genes control limb development in the tetrapods

73
Q

The evolution with the gnathostomes coincided with the … of the … … complex

A

duplication, hox gene

74
Q

Gnathostomes have two … …

A

olfactory bulbs

75
Q

When did the placoderms (plated fish) exist?

A

430-360MYA

76
Q

What did male placoderms have?

A

Claspers - for reproduction - believe where internal fertilisation in vertebrates originated - viviparity also found (birth to live young)

  • (in cartilaginous fish - modified fins used as intromittent organ instead)
77
Q

What are the acanthodians?

A

Extinct “spiny sharks” - no armour plating but denticle-like structures like on chondrichthyes (likely related group)

78
Q

Chondrichthyes appeared around … and they have a … skeleton which can be …. They have a … filled liver and high blood … concentration for …

A

400MYA, cartilaginous, mineralised, lipid, urea, buoyancy

79
Q

Most chondrichthyes have … jaw suspension, meaning the mandibular arch is suspended from the … rather than being fused, using the … arch. This allows them to protrude and retract their jaw.

A

hyostylic, cranium, hyoid

80
Q

What are the groups of cartilaginous fishes?

A
  • Holocephalans (e.g. Chimaera) - live in deep water and have holostylic jaw suspension instead of hyostylic - some have toxic spines and proboscis for electrical reception
  • Elasmobranchs (sharks, skates and rays)
81
Q

What are the distinctive features of the sharks (galeomorphs w/ anal fin and squalomorphs w/ no anal fin)?

A

blurgh

82
Q

The skates and rays (batoidea) have enlarged … … and a … (remains of first gill pouch)

A

pectoral fin, spiracle

83
Q

What is the difference between a skate and a ray?

A

skates have dorsal fins on tails, skates lay eggs, rays give birth to live young

84
Q

Some rays have modified gill muscles which can…

A

produce an electric charge to stun prey (skates can produce weaker electric currents to stun prey)

85
Q

Manta rays have … fins used for channeling water in … …

A

cephalic, filter feeding

86
Q

Chondrichthyes have a … tail

A

heterocercal (may be used to give lift as don’t have swim bladder and they are heavy-bodied animals)

87
Q

Chondrichthyes guts have … valves and are relatively short

A

spiral

88
Q

Denticles improve …

A

hydrodynamics

89
Q

The stingray barb is a modified …

A

denticle

90
Q

Skates have denticles only…

A

along their midline

91
Q

Shark teeth form within their … and form a tooth … that rests on their jaw

A

skin, whorl

92
Q

Many sharks kill mammalian prey by … (blood loss), and having this tooth arrangement aids in this

A

exsanguination

93
Q

Cartilaginous fishes have lots of … investment, which may be a reason for their success, as well as their advanced sensory systems

A

parental

94
Q

Cartilaginous fish sensory systems:

A
  • mechanoreceptors (neuromast organs/lateral line detect vibrations)
  • Chemoreceptors (acute sense of smell - 1 pt in 10bn) - turn to stimulated side first
  • electroreceptors (ampullary organs - in heads of sharks and pectoral fins of rays - detect muscle impulses of prey)
95
Q

shark vision is developed for…

A

low light intensities (rod rich retina, cells with crystals of guanine for picking up light)

96
Q

Sharks have proportionally heavier..

A

brains than other fishes (brain to body ratio similar to some tetrapods)

97
Q

Male sharks have modified … fins called … for reproduction

A

pelvic, claspers

  • may have hooks and barbs to ensure sperm transfer
98
Q

Lecithotrophy means…

A

no nutrition other than yolk (which would be matrotrophy)

99
Q

How do viviparous sharks feed their young?

A
  • some secrete substances (uterine fluid)
  • some ovulate to feed young
  • some have yolk sac placenta
100
Q

Once sharks are born or eggs are laid there is…

A

no parental care

101
Q

Which group represents over 95% of all fish, with over 32,000 species?

A

Osteichthyes

102
Q

What are the 2 groups of osteichthyes?

A

Actinopterygiii and Sarcopterygiii

103
Q

The first osteichthyes fossils date back to around…

A

400MYA (radiation in devonian)

104
Q

Give examples of non-teleost actinopterygiii

A

sturgeon, paddlefish

105
Q

Sturgeon have scales reduced to thicker … and have secondarily lost …

A

scutes, bone (so have cartilaginous skeleton)

106
Q

Paddlefish paddles detect …

A

electrical impulses (have ampullary organs like sharks)

107
Q

Teleosts have specialisation of feeding mechanisms. A large reason for this is the … of the bones in their skull and jaws, allowing them to exploit a wide range of prey. The volume of the … … is increased, creating suction.

A

flexibility, buccal cavity

108
Q

Another teleost feature is … jaws, which come from modified gill arches and help … …

A

pharyngeal, process food

  • may account for diversity in diet
109
Q

Moray eels have a … pharyngeal jaw, which can be extruded from the mouth

A

raptorial

110
Q

What does the lateral line detect?

A 
mechanical cues (water displacement)
- often fish have neuromasts in head as well (or instead of in shoals often)
111
Q

Teleosts have a … tail, … scales, and a … shape. Most are …

A

homocercal, small, fusiform, oviparous (lay eggs)

112
Q

Bony fishes have a … … for buoyancy, which is an outpocketing of the …. This is homologous to …

A

swim bladder, gut, lungs (in lungfish and tetrapods)

113
Q

If a fish’s swim bladder is connected to its gut, it regulates the air in it by…

A

coming up for air and burping air out

114
Q

If a fish’s swim bladder is not connected to its gut, it regulates the air in it by…

A

secreting and depositing gases from and to the blood supply

115
Q

The gills of teleosts are covered by an …

A

operculum

116
Q

Some species can’t use muscular action to draw water into the buccal cavity and over the gills. Instead they…

A

swim with their mouth open, called ram ventilation

- often in fast swimming fish such as tuna

117
Q

What is regional heterothermy?

A

When fish warm up certain areas of their body (muscles) so they are more effective (at swimming)

118
Q

Some teleosts require additional gaseous exchange to that they get from their gills, for example….

A

anabantid fishes, which are obligate air breathers (they have organ called labirynth organ)

119
Q

Eels migrate from freshwater to the sea to spawn. This makes them …

A

catadramous

120
Q

What are the groups in the sarcopterygians?

A

Lungfishes (3 genera) and coelacanths + those that gave rise to the tetrapods. Lungfish more closely related to tetrapods than coelacanth

121
Q

Lungfish have both … and …. Australian lungfish have relatively well-developed … as they live in more … water bodies. African and South American lungfish are more dependent on their …

A

gills, lungs, fins, permanent, lungs

122
Q

African lungfish can survive in … in … for several years, keeping itself moist using …, during dry periods.

A

burrows, mud, mucus

123
Q

Coelacanths do have a lung but..

A

it is filled with fat (for buoyancy)

Animal Diversity Yr 2 (6 decks)

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