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Animal Diversity Yr 2 > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

What are the six kingdoms of organisms?

A

Monera, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

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2
Q

Around …% of animals are invertebrates

A

99

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3
Q

There are about … phyla of animals

A

40

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4
Q

A lot of what we know about the Cambrian explosion is from work done on the … …

A

Burgess shale

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5
Q

What is that Ediacaran specimen with cholesterol in it called?

A

Dickinsonia

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6
Q

What is that weird looking upside-down velvet worm-like Cambrian animal called?

A

Hallucigenia

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7
Q

What are two main theories for the cause of the Cambrian explosion?

A
  • Ecological, e.g. increased oxygen
  • Evolution of the eye
    + Evolution of predation
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8
Q

2 physical factors important in the evolution of animals

A
  • Changes in climate

- Continental drift

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9
Q

Who’s idea was continental drift?

A

Alfred Wegener

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10
Q

The body design of animals must meet survival problems correlated with 4 factors:

A
  • Environment
  • Size of animal
  • Mode of existence
  • Constraints of the genome
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11
Q

Every major phylum of invertebrates has some … representatives. Many vertebrates are …

A

marine, marine

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12
Q

…% of the earth’s surface is marine

A

71

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13
Q

Approximately half of all vertebrates are ….

A

fish

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14
Q

What is the littoral zone?

A

Intertidal zone

e.g. barnacles, limpets, beadlet anemones

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15
Q

How are epaulette sharks adapted to live in littoral zones (exposed parts of coral reefs)?

A

Well developed pectoral fins to move around from rockpool to rockpool to better conditions. Able to switch off motor nerves (and keep sensory nerves) to reduce oxygen levels required, as oxygen levels deplete in rockpools.

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16
Q

The continental shelf goes down to about …

A

200m

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17
Q

What are the two main marine zones?

A

Neritic zone (over land) and oceanic zone (not over land)

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18
Q

How deep does the mariana trench reach?

A

11,000m

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19
Q

Pelagic means

A

suspended or swimming

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20
Q

Benthic means

A

bottom dwelling

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21
Q

Errant means

A

mobile

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22
Q

Sessile means

A

attached

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23
Q

sedentary means

A

unattached but immobile

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24
Q

What are the advantages for living in the sea?

A
  • lots of space
  • high productivity (esp. in upper regions where photosynthesis is occurring)
  • isosmotic with body tissue fluids of many animals
  • buoyancy (can become larger due to support)
  • fertilisation and development (e.g. external fertilisation)
  • waste as ammonia (saving energy)
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25
Q

Biomass decreases from … to … …

A

shoreline, open ocean

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26
Q

… waters tend to be more productive than … waters

A

temperate, tropical

- due to more mixing of water due to currents

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27
Q

… in the sea is relatively constant. So is …, although it gets lower the deeper you go.

A

salinity, oxygen

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28
Q

conditions are less … in freshwater environments

A

constant
- temp and o2 variable
- Turbidity, velocity and volume (freezing and drying) can change
+ osmotic regulation required

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29
Q

As body size increases, …… decreases

A

surface area:volume ratio decreases

- larger animals require more advanced mechanisms than simple diffusion

30
Q

Free moving animals tend to be … …, whereas attached/sedentary animals tend to be … …

A

bilaterally symmetrical (w/cephalisation), radially symmetrical

31
Q

Protozoans are bound by … …. Some have a hard … on the outer surface

A

cell membranes, test

32
Q

A protozoans cytoskeleton and cell membrane combined is called their…

A

pellicle

33
Q

Protozoans move around using…

A

flagella, cilia (which beat in metachronal waves), pseudopodia (temporary extension of the body caused by changes in the fluidity of the cytoplasm)

34
Q

Protozoans are heterotrophic and acquire food by…

A

pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis, phagocytosis

35
Q

Protozoans can osmoregulate using

A

contractile vacuoles

36
Q

What are the 4 main types of protozoans?

A

Amoeboid, spore-forming, flagellate, ciliate

37
Q

Amoeboid protozoans

A
  • Asexual reproduction
  • Move using mainly pseudopodia or similar structures (e.g. logopodia, filopodia)
  • Free living (e.g. Amoeba) or parasitic (Entamoeba histolytica)
38
Q

Spore-forming protozoans

A
  • complicated, sexual and asexual reproduction
  • spread by infectious cells - sporozoites
  • Parasitic e.g. Plasmodium
39
Q

Flagellate protozoans

A
  • asexual reproduction (binary fission)
  • move using flagella
  • Free-living, symbiotic (e.g. Trichonympha in guts of cockroaches and termites) or parasitic (e.g. trypanosoma - sleeping sickness)
40
Q

Ciliate protozoans

A
  • asexual reproduction (macronucleus) and sexual reproduction (conjugation (exchange dna) - micronuclei)
  • Move using cilia which beat in metachronal waves
  • free-living (e.g. Paramecium), sessile (e.g. Stentor)
41
Q

tsetse flies love the stench of…

A

cow urine

42
Q

Zebra stripes disrupts … light so tsetse flies…

A

polarised, are deterred and potentially don’t infect the zebras

43
Q

No one wants to farm where there are…

A

tsetse flies - easier to protect land where they are located

44
Q

Isolecithal means…

A

small amount of yolk distributed evenly

45
Q

telolecithal means…

A

yolk concentrated towards vegetal pole

46
Q

centrolecithal means…

A

yolk concentrated at center of the cell

47
Q

What is the first part of fertilisation in sea urchins?

A

The acrosomal reaction

48
Q

What is the acrosomal reaction?

A
  • Sperm makes contact with jelly coat
  • sperm contains actin pool and acrosomal vesicle
  • acrosomal vesicle opens and hydrolytic enzymes break down jelly coat
  • polymerisation of actin pool (due to enzymes) - expands protein to form acrosomal process, with bindin
  • bindin receptors on vitelline layer bind to bindin
  • acrosomal process releases more hydrolytic enzymes which break through vitelline layer and makes contact with plasma membrane, triggering a series of reactions…
  • sodium ions flow into egg, potential of egg plasma membrane changes (to become +ve) which means positive sperm are now repelled - FAST BLOCK TO POLYSPERMY
  • cortical reaction - calcium released into cytoplasm so cortical granules fuse with P.M. - vitelline layer polymerised - SLOW BLOCK TO POLYSPERMY
    + egg becomes activated and pH changes from 6.8 -> 7.3
49
Q

In urchins, how long does it take before replication and first division occurs?

A

90 mins

sperm and egg merge after 20 mins

50
Q

What are the 3 early stages of development?

A

Cleavage, gastrulation, organogenesis

51
Q

what is cleavage?

A

rapid cell division to form ball of cells (blastomere)

52
Q

cleavage varies depending on distribution of

A

yolk

53
Q

complete (holoblastic) cleavage occurs when yolk is

A

isolecithal

54
Q

telolethical but not very yolky…

A

complete but unequal cleavage (unequal holoblastic)

55
Q

telolethical but very yolky…

A

incomplete cleavage

56
Q

centrolecithal…

A

superficial cleavage

57
Q

1st two cleavages are … and …. After this the cleavage pattern can vary, e.g. radial or spiral

A

polar, vertical

58
Q

Radial cleavage is….

A

perpendicular to the vertical axis and indeterminate

59
Q

radial cleavage is…

A

diagonal to the vertical axis and determinate (cell fate determined earlier on)

60
Q

gastrulation is converting..

A

a blastula into a gastrula

61
Q

The archenteron is the..

A

embryonic gut (entrance is called blastopore)

62
Q

Mesoderm can form from … of endodermal cells or … of the archenteron (gut)

A

proliferation, outpocketing

63
Q

Ectoderm gives rise to the…

A

outer covering and CNS

64
Q

Endoderm gives rise to the…

A

gut and associated structures

65
Q

Mesoderm gives rise to the…

A

muscles, body cavity (coelom), blood system etc.

66
Q

Acoelomate lacks…

A

body cavity between gut and outer body

67
Q

Pseudocoelomate…

A

body cavity only partially lined by mesoderm (only on inside of ectoderm)

68
Q

Coelomate…

A

body cavity lined completely by mesoderm

69
Q

Protostomes…

A

mouth (from blastopore) then anus

  • spiral cleavage and determinate
  • schizocoelous
70
Q

Deuterostomes…

A

anus (from blastopore) then mouth

  • radial cleavage and indeterminate
  • enterocoelous (coelom formed from outpocketing of archenteron)
71
Q

Planktotrophic…

A
  • less yolk
  • more competition for food
  • tends to be marine animals which release many offspring as larval stage
72
Q

lecthotrophic…

A
  • more yolk

Animal Diversity Yr 2 (6 decks)

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