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Animal Diversity Yr 2 > Invertebrates 2 > Flashcards

Invertebrates 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What do the ecdysozoa all display?

A

ecdysis (molting)

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2
Q

What is the largest group of animals?

A

arthropods

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3
Q

Arthropods are … segmented and have … on each segment

A

metamerically, appendages

outside, not inside segmented

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4
Q

What is the specialisation of groups of segments called?

A

tagmatisation

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5
Q

Hox genes were first discovered in … and control …-… axis. They are very evolutionarily …

A

drosophila, anterior-posterior, conserved

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6
Q

The cuticle is…

A

the outer covering of an arthropod

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7
Q

The epicuticle is..

A

a waterproof layer of protein and wax

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8
Q

The procuticle is made up of the exocuticle and endocuticle and is made up of…

A

protein and chitin bound together to form glycoprotein

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9
Q

The difference between the exocuticle and endocuticle is that…

A

the exocuticle has cross-linkages for extra strength

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10
Q

Crustaceans make the cuticle harder by adding…

A

calcium salts

- but also adds weight

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11
Q

What secretes the cuticle?

A

epidermis

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12
Q

Arthropods move using….

A

muscles attached to the cuticle

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13
Q

Arthropods grow after..

A

ecdysis

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14
Q

When ecdysis occurs … digest the …. The animal fills itself up with air or water to expand the cuticle which hardens, allowing them to expand into it

A

proenzymes, endocuticle

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15
Q

The heavy cuticle limits arthropods’ …

A

size

- aquatic animals can be larger due to support of water

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16
Q

What gives trilobites their name?

A

3 body sections: cephalon, thorax, pygidium

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17
Q

Trilobites have a … eye

A

compound

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18
Q

trilobites have … limbs

A

biramous (filamentous branch may have been used as gill-like structure)

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19
Q

trilobites have … at the end of the appendages which can grind together and process food

A

gnathobases

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20
Q

70% of trilobite fossils have…

A

bite marks on their right hand side - perhaps more vulnerable on RHS or predators better at attacking from RHS

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21
Q

Most trilobites were outlasted by…

A 
sea scorpions (chelicerates), which had more specialisation of appendages
- these had a cephalothorax and opisthosoma (i.e. only 2 body sections)
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22
Q

The only animals from the sea scorpion group that are still extant are the..

A

horshoe crabs - again have cephalothorax and opisthosoma - they have book gills for exchange

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23
Q

What is it that makes horseshoe crab blood blue?

A

Haemocyanin

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24
Q

Sea spiders (pycnogonids) have a very reduced …, so much so that the … tissues are kept on the outside of their bodies

A

body, reproductive

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25
Q

Scorpions have holes on the underside of their abdomens which lead into their … … for … …

A

book lungs, gaseous exchange

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26
Q

When scorpions mate, the males deposits a … … and then…

A

sperm package, leads the female over it

  • indirect internal fertilisation
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27
Q

Female scorpions often display … …

A

parental care

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28
Q

In spiders, chelicerae have been modified into … …

A

venomous fangs (neurotoxic)

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29
Q

What connects the cephalothorax and opisthosoma of a spider?

A

Pedicel

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30
Q

The spider spins silk out of its …

A

spinnerets

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31
Q

As in scorpions, spiders also have … … for respiration

A

book lungs

+ spiracles and trachae

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32
Q

Spiders have … … for excretion

A

malpighian tubules

- absorb useful products, get rid of waste products

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33
Q

What is a stabilimentum?

A

Structures spiders spin on their webs - may be to attract prey, may stop larger animals from flying into web, may attract mates

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34
Q

Which group of spiders shows the greatest sexual dimorphism?

A

Orb web spiders

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35
Q

Theridion nigroannulatum … to hunt its prey

A

co-operates

- may be reproductive and soldier type individuals in group

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36
Q

Ticks are all…

A

ectoparasites

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37
Q

Which mite can cause honeybee colonies to collapse?

A

Varroa

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38
Q

Which type of bacteria causes lyme disease?

A

Spirochete

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39
Q

Most crustacean appendages are ..

A

biramous

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40
Q

Barnacles do not have an …

A

abdomen

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41
Q

The parasitic barnacle Sacculina attacks the … system of crabs. It stops females from … and … males.

A

reproductive, reproducing, feminises

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42
Q

Gammarus only mates when it …

A

moults

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43
Q

Male fiddler crabs surround themselves with…

A

smaller males to make their claws look bigger and more attractive to females

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44
Q

What is the common larval stage of crustaceans?

A

Naupilus larva

- aquatic swimming larva

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45
Q

Myriapods have … tagmata

A

2

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46
Q

Centipede maxillipeds are modified into..

A

poison claws

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47
Q

Centipedes are … whereas millipedes are …

A

carnivorous, herbivorous

- millipedes dont have poison claws

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48
Q

millipedes can emit hydrogen … gas and other chemicals from … glans

A

cyanide, repugnatorial

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49
Q

How do myriapods move air through their tracheal system?

A

Muscular contraction

arent able to adjust diameter of spiracles like insects can so prone to water loss

50
Q

Nematodes are … animals with a cuticle made of …

A

pseudocoelomate, collagen

51
Q

Nematodes undergo … moults

A

four

52
Q

Nematodes move by …

A

undulating longitudinal muscles

53
Q

Nematodes have excretory canals for …

A

osmoregulation

54
Q

Nematodes respire by…

A

diffusion through the cuticle

55
Q

Nematodes are di….

A

oecious

56
Q

To maintain pressure, the vagina of female nematodes must be kept, and the males open up this opening when the worms mate using …

A

tight, spicules

57
Q

Nematode sperm do not have … and are …-like in shape

A

flagella, amoeba

58
Q

Nematode buccal cavities depend on the types of feeding the worms exhibit. They may have…

A

a stylet, teeth, a hook etc.

59
Q

Nematode sex is determined by…

A

their environment when they are reared - males are smaller so develop if resources are limited

60
Q

C elegans has a set number of …

A

cells

61
Q

Which gene in nematodes is responsible for enhanced longevity on a restricted diet?

A

pha-4

62
Q

… has evolved several time in nematodes, with radiation accompanying the evolution of angiosperms, insects, amniotic vertebrates etc

A

parasitism

63
Q

Hookworms

A

burrow into skin, head to circulatory system, head to heart and lungs, head to trachea, coughed, swallowed, head to gut, process cycles

64
Q

Ascaroids similar to hookworm cycle but are ingested rather than burrowing into skin

A

nice.

65
Q

What is the intermediate host of the guinea worm?

A

copepods

66
Q

Elephantiasis is caused by?

A

filarial worms of the lymph nodes

67
Q

Echinoderms are exclusively … deuterostome animals, with … radial symmetry

A

marine, pentamerous (body divided into 5 parts)

68
Q

Echinoderm larvae are..

A

bilaterally symmetrical, and show convergent evolution

69
Q

What is the internal skeleton of echinoderms made up of?

A

Ossicles (calcareous, separated by living tissue, increase in size without moulting)

70
Q

Urchin ossicles are…

A

fused and hinged

71
Q

Sea cucumber ossicles are…

A

minute or absent

72
Q

Tube feet (podia) are used for … and … and are … due to a chemical reaction (starfish) or due to … … (sea urchins)

A

feeding, locomotion, adhesive, suction cups

73
Q

In crinoids (e.g. feather stars), the … is on the top of the animal and the tube feet flick food towards it

A

mouth

74
Q

Tube feet are controlled by the … system

A

water-vascular

water drawn in and out by contractions of ampullae vs podia

75
Q

Echinoderms have … connective tissue

A

mutable - can alter rigidity of connective tissue (e.g. sea cucumbers go floppy when predators attack)

76
Q

Starfish have … to remove material that is stuck to their bodies, and … for gas exchange and excretion

A

Pedicellariae (jaw-like structures), papulae

77
Q

Starfish have … … running down their legs

A

digestive glands

78
Q

Starfish have a nerve net. They can turn certain regions into a … … which allow the starfish to control the direction it travels in

A

temporary “brain”

- radial nerves (connected by nerve ring) control starfish direction of travel

79
Q

Acanthaster (crown of thorns starfish) feeds on …

A

coral - 40% of great barrier coral reef damage due to this starfish

80
Q

Brittle stars respire (and sometimes brood young) using … …

A

bursal slits

81
Q

Starfish have a … …, whereas brittle stars do not

A

ambulacral groove

- in brittle stars podia are used for feeding rather than locomotion (suspension feeding, deposit feeding, scavenging)

82
Q

Brittle stars are also able to … … using specialised ossicle structures

A

detect light

83
Q

In sea urchins the ossicles are fused to form a …

A

test

84
Q

Urchins form feeding apparatus using their ossicles, called an … …

A

aristotle’s lantern

85
Q

… urchins burrow in mud and can use podia for digging and respiration

A

irregular

86
Q

Sea cucumbers have reduced … … and larger … …

A

dorsal podia, ventral podia

- in ambulacra

87
Q

Sea cucumbers also have modified tentacle-like podia for …

A

feeding (deposit and suspension feeding)

88
Q

Sea cucumbers breathe through their …

A

anus

89
Q

Sea cucumbers, when attacked or irritated, can produce…

A

sticky tubules from their anus and toxins such as (holothurin)
+ or release some of internal organs for predator to feed on while it escapes and regenerates these organs

90
Q

Which fish lives in the anus of sea cucumbers?

A

pearl fish

91
Q

Sea lilies are … whereas feather stars are …

A

sessile, free-living (swim around using arms)

92
Q

What are the 4 features that make a chordate?

A
  • notochord
  • dorsal, hollow nerve cord
  • pharyngeal (gill) slits
  • post-anal tail
93
Q

What is a notochord used for?

A

Provides support and a base against which muscles can contract - allows body to undulate rather than shorten

94
Q

What are the two hemichordate groups?

A

Enteropneusts (acorn worms) and Pterobranchs (sea angels)

95
Q

What are the body parts of acorn worms?

A

divided into 3 parts: proboscis (for feeding), collar, trunk

  • has gill slits on trunk region for respiration
  • has stomochord but not notochord
96
Q

Which animal group has similar larvae to those of acorn worms?

A

Echinoderms

97
Q

sea angels have the same 3 body regions as acorn worms. However they are … rather than …

A

colonial, solitary

+ much smaller than acorn worms

98
Q

Next to their proboscis, sea angels have a …

A

lophophore

99
Q

Some pterobranchs do have…

A

gill slits

100
Q

Pterobranchs can be traced back to the …

A

graptolites (Cambrian-Devonian)

101
Q

Hemichordates don’t have… so can’t be considered as chordates. However they do have…

A
  • notochord, post-anal tail (although some acorn worms do), hollow dorsal nerve chord (although acorn worms can have hollow concentrated nervous tissue) + they collect food externally rather than internally in their gill slits
  • gill slits
102
Q

What did the extinct group of bilaterally symmetrical echinoderms, the homalozoans, have in common with the chordates?

A

gill slits

103
Q

Acorn worms express some…

A

same genes in the same order as in chordates

104
Q

What are the 3 main groups of chordates?

A
  • Urochordates (tunicates)
  • Cephalochordates (lancelets)
  • Vertebrates
105
Q

Only the larval stage of tunicates has a…

A

notochord, post-anal tail, HDN chord

- adult has gill slits

106
Q

Cephalochordates spend most of their time…

A

buried in sand or gravel filter feeding

107
Q

In cephalochordates, the notochord…

A

goes right to the tip of the head

108
Q

Cephalochordates have a nerve chord that is not…

A

particularly well-developed and there is no real brain

109
Q

Chordates have dorsoventral … …

A

axis inversion

- theory that during course of evolution started swimming on backs

110
Q

At the moment it is generally believed that the … are more closely related to the vertebrates than the …

A

urochordates, cephalochordates

111
Q

Where do hydrothermal vents form?

A

along mid-ocean ridges (at tectonic plate boundaries)

- they are essentially underwater geysers

112
Q

Hydrothermal vents are hot and full of …

A

minerals (mainly sulphides)

- these can support the ecosystem (rather than sunlight)

113
Q

around hydrothermal vents, primary producers are no longer photoautotropic, but…

A

chemoautotrophic microorganisms

- which are consumed directly or form symbiotic relationships

114
Q

These vents have a … number of individuals but a … number of species

A

high, low

as opposed to non-vent deep sea which has high richness but low density

115
Q

Scaly-foot … and … crab found around hydrothermal vents

A

snail, yeti

116
Q

In which animal group are the giant tube worms found in deep sea hydrothermal vents?

A

polychaete worms

117
Q

Giant tube worms can reach … long, have no … and have a symbiotic relationship with … ….

A

3m, gut, chemoautotrophic bacteria (which oxidise hydrogen sulfide to produce carbon compounds)

118
Q

Giant tube worms collect … and transport it in …

A

Hydrogen sulfide, haemoglobin

119
Q

Pompeii worms are polychaete worms with bright red heads full of haemoglobin used to gain oxygen. They are … dwellers and are able to tolerate temperatures of … (which is why it has its name). It is a … feeder, including bacteria, and its hair dorsal surface is … by … which may protect the worm.

A

gallery, 80C (at bottom end not head end), deposit, colonised, bacteria

120
Q

Swarming shrimps feed on … around vents and have filamentous bacteria growing in their … …. It has been suggested that it farms these, as it has specialised appendages (pincers) for getting into the chamber and feeding on these bacteria

A

bacteria, branchial chamber (where gills are)

121
Q

Swarming shrimps have very modified … and well-developed sense organs

A

eyes - for low-light conditions

122
Q
  • Over … new species found in these vents

- Over … of these only found in these vent communities (others from deep sea, chemosynthetic ecosystems

A

500, 90%

Animal Diversity Yr 2 (6 decks)

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