Invertebrates 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What do the ecdysozoa all display?
A
ecdysis (molting)
2
Q
What is the largest group of animals?
A
arthropods
3
Q
Arthropods are … segmented and have … on each segment
A
metamerically, appendages
outside, not inside segmented
4
Q
What is the specialisation of groups of segments called?
A
tagmatisation
5
Q
Hox genes were first discovered in … and control …-… axis. They are very evolutionarily …
A
drosophila, anterior-posterior, conserved
6
Q
The cuticle is…
A
the outer covering of an arthropod
7
Q
The epicuticle is..
A
a waterproof layer of protein and wax
8
Q
The procuticle is made up of the exocuticle and endocuticle and is made up of…
A
protein and chitin bound together to form glycoprotein
9
Q
The difference between the exocuticle and endocuticle is that…
A
the exocuticle has cross-linkages for extra strength
10
Q
Crustaceans make the cuticle harder by adding…
A
calcium salts
- but also adds weight
11
Q
What secretes the cuticle?
A
epidermis
12
Q
Arthropods move using….
A
muscles attached to the cuticle
13
Q
Arthropods grow after..
A
ecdysis
14
Q
When ecdysis occurs … digest the …. The animal fills itself up with air or water to expand the cuticle which hardens, allowing them to expand into it
A
proenzymes, endocuticle
15
Q
The heavy cuticle limits arthropods’ …
A
size
- aquatic animals can be larger due to support of water
16
Q
What gives trilobites their name?
A
3 body sections: cephalon, thorax, pygidium
17
Q
Trilobites have a … eye
A
compound
18
Q
trilobites have … limbs
A
biramous (filamentous branch may have been used as gill-like structure)
19
Q
trilobites have … at the end of the appendages which can grind together and process food
A
gnathobases
20
Q
70% of trilobite fossils have…
A
bite marks on their right hand side - perhaps more vulnerable on RHS or predators better at attacking from RHS
21
Q
Most trilobites were outlasted by…
A
sea scorpions (chelicerates), which had more specialisation of appendages - these had a cephalothorax and opisthosoma (i.e. only 2 body sections)
22
Q
The only animals from the sea scorpion group that are still extant are the..
A
horshoe crabs - again have cephalothorax and opisthosoma - they have book gills for exchange
23
Q
What is it that makes horseshoe crab blood blue?
A
Haemocyanin
24
Q
Sea spiders (pycnogonids) have a very reduced …, so much so that the … tissues are kept on the outside of their bodies
A
body, reproductive
25
Scorpions have holes on the underside of their abdomens which lead into their ... ... for ... ...
book lungs, gaseous exchange
26
When scorpions mate, the males deposits a ... ... and then...
sperm package, leads the female over it
- indirect internal fertilisation
27
Female scorpions often display ... ...
parental care
28
In spiders, chelicerae have been modified into ... ...
venomous fangs (neurotoxic)
29
What connects the cephalothorax and opisthosoma of a spider?
Pedicel
30
The spider spins silk out of its ...
spinnerets
31
As in scorpions, spiders also have ... ... for respiration
book lungs
| + spiracles and trachae
32
Spiders have ... ... for excretion
malpighian tubules
| - absorb useful products, get rid of waste products
33
What is a stabilimentum?
Structures spiders spin on their webs - may be to attract prey, may stop larger animals from flying into web, may attract mates
34
Which group of spiders shows the greatest sexual dimorphism?
Orb web spiders
35
Theridion nigroannulatum ... to hunt its prey
co-operates
| - may be reproductive and soldier type individuals in group
36
Ticks are all...
ectoparasites
37
Which mite can cause honeybee colonies to collapse?
Varroa
38
Which type of bacteria causes lyme disease?
Spirochete
39
Most crustacean appendages are ..
biramous
40
Barnacles do not have an ...
abdomen
41
The parasitic barnacle Sacculina attacks the ... system of crabs. It stops females from ... and ... males.
reproductive, reproducing, feminises
42
Gammarus only mates when it ...
moults
43
Male fiddler crabs surround themselves with...
smaller males to make their claws look bigger and more attractive to females
44
What is the common larval stage of crustaceans?
Naupilus larva
| - aquatic swimming larva
45
Myriapods have ... tagmata
2
46
Centipede maxillipeds are modified into..
poison claws
47
Centipedes are ... whereas millipedes are ...
carnivorous, herbivorous
| - millipedes dont have poison claws
48
millipedes can emit hydrogen ... gas and other chemicals from ... glans
cyanide, repugnatorial
49
How do myriapods move air through their tracheal system?
Muscular contraction
arent able to adjust diameter of spiracles like insects can so prone to water loss
50
Nematodes are ... animals with a cuticle made of ...
pseudocoelomate, collagen
51
Nematodes undergo ... moults
four
52
Nematodes move by ...
undulating longitudinal muscles
53
Nematodes have excretory canals for ...
osmoregulation
54
Nematodes respire by...
diffusion through the cuticle
55
Nematodes are di....
oecious
56
To maintain pressure, the vagina of female nematodes must be kept, and the males open up this opening when the worms mate using ...
tight, spicules
57
Nematode sperm do not have ... and are ...-like in shape
flagella, amoeba
58
Nematode buccal cavities depend on the types of feeding the worms exhibit. They may have...
a stylet, teeth, a hook etc.
59
Nematode sex is determined by...
their environment when they are reared - males are smaller so develop if resources are limited
60
C elegans has a set number of ...
cells
61
Which gene in nematodes is responsible for enhanced longevity on a restricted diet?
pha-4
62
... has evolved several time in nematodes, with radiation accompanying the evolution of angiosperms, insects, amniotic vertebrates etc
parasitism
63
Hookworms
burrow into skin, head to circulatory system, head to heart and lungs, head to trachea, coughed, swallowed, head to gut, process cycles
64
Ascaroids similar to hookworm cycle but are ingested rather than burrowing into skin
nice.
65
What is the intermediate host of the guinea worm?
copepods
66
Elephantiasis is caused by?
filarial worms of the lymph nodes
67
Echinoderms are exclusively ... deuterostome animals, with ... radial symmetry
marine, pentamerous (body divided into 5 parts)
68
Echinoderm larvae are..
bilaterally symmetrical, and show convergent evolution
69
What is the internal skeleton of echinoderms made up of?
Ossicles (calcareous, separated by living tissue, increase in size without moulting)
70
Urchin ossicles are...
fused and hinged
71
Sea cucumber ossicles are...
minute or absent
72
Tube feet (podia) are used for ... and ... and are ... due to a chemical reaction (starfish) or due to ... ... (sea urchins)
feeding, locomotion, adhesive, suction cups
73
In crinoids (e.g. feather stars), the ... is on the top of the animal and the tube feet flick food towards it
mouth
74
Tube feet are controlled by the ... system
water-vascular
| water drawn in and out by contractions of ampullae vs podia
75
Echinoderms have ... connective tissue
mutable - can alter rigidity of connective tissue (e.g. sea cucumbers go floppy when predators attack)
76
Starfish have ... to remove material that is stuck to their bodies, and ... for gas exchange and excretion
Pedicellariae (jaw-like structures), papulae
77
Starfish have ... ... running down their legs
digestive glands
78
Starfish have a nerve net. They can turn certain regions into a ... ... which allow the starfish to control the direction it travels in
temporary "brain"
| - radial nerves (connected by nerve ring) control starfish direction of travel
79
Acanthaster (crown of thorns starfish) feeds on ...
coral - 40% of great barrier coral reef damage due to this starfish
80
Brittle stars respire (and sometimes brood young) using ... ...
bursal slits
81
Starfish have a ... ..., whereas brittle stars do not
ambulacral groove
| - in brittle stars podia are used for feeding rather than locomotion (suspension feeding, deposit feeding, scavenging)
82
Brittle stars are also able to ... ... using specialised ossicle structures
detect light
83
In sea urchins the ossicles are fused to form a ...
test
84
Urchins form feeding apparatus using their ossicles, called an ... ...
aristotle's lantern
85
... urchins burrow in mud and can use podia for digging and respiration
irregular
86
Sea cucumbers have reduced ... ... and larger ... ...
dorsal podia, ventral podia
| - in ambulacra
87
Sea cucumbers also have modified tentacle-like podia for ...
feeding (deposit and suspension feeding)
88
Sea cucumbers breathe through their ...
anus
89
Sea cucumbers, when attacked or irritated, can produce...
sticky tubules from their anus and toxins such as (holothurin)
+ or release some of internal organs for predator to feed on while it escapes and regenerates these organs
90
Which fish lives in the anus of sea cucumbers?
pearl fish
91
Sea lilies are ... whereas feather stars are ...
sessile, free-living (swim around using arms)
92
What are the 4 features that make a chordate?
- notochord
- dorsal, hollow nerve cord
- pharyngeal (gill) slits
- post-anal tail
93
What is a notochord used for?
Provides support and a base against which muscles can contract - allows body to undulate rather than shorten
94
What are the two hemichordate groups?
Enteropneusts (acorn worms) and Pterobranchs (sea angels)
95
What are the body parts of acorn worms?
divided into 3 parts: proboscis (for feeding), collar, trunk
- has gill slits on trunk region for respiration
- has stomochord but not notochord
96
Which animal group has similar larvae to those of acorn worms?
Echinoderms
97
sea angels have the same 3 body regions as acorn worms. However they are ... rather than ...
colonial, solitary
| + much smaller than acorn worms
98
Next to their proboscis, sea angels have a ...
lophophore
99
Some pterobranchs do have...
gill slits
100
Pterobranchs can be traced back to the ...
graptolites (Cambrian-Devonian)
101
Hemichordates don't have... so can't be considered as chordates. However they do have...
- notochord, post-anal tail (although some acorn worms do), hollow dorsal nerve chord (although acorn worms can have hollow concentrated nervous tissue) + they collect food externally rather than internally in their gill slits
- gill slits
102
What did the extinct group of bilaterally symmetrical echinoderms, the homalozoans, have in common with the chordates?
gill slits
103
Acorn worms express some...
same genes in the same order as in chordates
104
What are the 3 main groups of chordates?
- Urochordates (tunicates)
- Cephalochordates (lancelets)
- Vertebrates
105
Only the larval stage of tunicates has a...
notochord, post-anal tail, HDN chord
| - adult has gill slits
106
Cephalochordates spend most of their time...
buried in sand or gravel filter feeding
107
In cephalochordates, the notochord...
goes right to the tip of the head
108
Cephalochordates have a nerve chord that is not...
particularly well-developed and there is no real brain
109
Chordates have dorsoventral ... ...
axis inversion
| - theory that during course of evolution started swimming on backs
110
At the moment it is generally believed that the ... are more closely related to the vertebrates than the ...
urochordates, cephalochordates
111
Where do hydrothermal vents form?
along mid-ocean ridges (at tectonic plate boundaries)
| - they are essentially underwater geysers
112
Hydrothermal vents are hot and full of ...
minerals (mainly sulphides)
| - these can support the ecosystem (rather than sunlight)
113
around hydrothermal vents, primary producers are no longer photoautotropic, but...
chemoautotrophic microorganisms
| - which are consumed directly or form symbiotic relationships
114
These vents have a ... number of individuals but a ... number of species
high, low
| as opposed to non-vent deep sea which has high richness but low density
115
Scaly-foot ... and ... crab found around hydrothermal vents
snail, yeti
116
In which animal group are the giant tube worms found in deep sea hydrothermal vents?
polychaete worms
117
Giant tube worms can reach ... long, have no ... and have a symbiotic relationship with ... ....
3m, gut, chemoautotrophic bacteria (which oxidise hydrogen sulfide to produce carbon compounds)
118
Giant tube worms collect ... and transport it in ...
Hydrogen sulfide, haemoglobin
119
Pompeii worms are polychaete worms with bright red heads full of haemoglobin used to gain oxygen. They are ... dwellers and are able to tolerate temperatures of ... (which is why it has its name). It is a ... feeder, including bacteria, and its hair dorsal surface is ... by ... which may protect the worm.
gallery, 80C (at bottom end not head end), deposit, colonised, bacteria
120
Swarming shrimps feed on ... around vents and have filamentous bacteria growing in their ... .... It has been suggested that it farms these, as it has specialised appendages (pincers) for getting into the chamber and feeding on these bacteria
bacteria, branchial chamber (where gills are)
121
Swarming shrimps have very modified ... and well-developed sense organs
eyes - for low-light conditions
122
- Over ... new species found in these vents
| - Over ... of these only found in these vent communities (others from deep sea, chemosynthetic ecosystems
500, 90%
