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Animal Diversity Yr 2 > Invertebrates 1 > Flashcards

Invertebrates 1 Flashcards

1
Q

metazoans are thought to have originated from a … … approximately …MYA

A

colonial flagellate, 700

  • colonial theory - colonial single-celled organisms became interdependent on each other
  • like volvox
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2
Q

Evidence for colonial flagellate theory:

A
  • flagellated cells found in metazoans (sponges, sperm cells)
  • many flagellates form colonies (e.g. volvox)
  • molecular evidence (developmental genes associated with groups of colonial flagellates)
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3
Q

Likely ancestors were something like the …

A

choanoflagellates

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4
Q

The sponges are found in the phylum …

A

Porifera

  • simple structure
  • successful and widespread
  • ancient group of animals
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5
Q

Sponge cells are …

A

totipotent

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6
Q

Most sponges are … but a few are …

A

marine, freshwater

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7
Q

Sponges are effectively …

A

sessile

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8
Q

Sponges tend to be … and … in more fast-moving waters

A

smaller, flatter

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9
Q

The hole at the top of a sponge where water leaves is called the …. The small pores through which water enters are called …. The calcareous fibres that form the structure of the sponge are called …. The water moves by means of flagellated cells called …, which trap food items. The hollow centre of the sponge is called the …

A

osculum, ostia (through porocyte cells), spicules, choanocytes, spongocoel

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10
Q

Water passes through sponges at up to … times its volume in 24 hours

A

20,000

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11
Q

Glass sponges - 75% of tissues are …. Signals are transmitted using … …, despite having no nerve cells

A

syncitial, electrical impulses

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12
Q

Most sponges are … feeders but some are …

A

filter, carnivorous (e.g. heart sponge)

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13
Q

Sponges help … … thrive in ocean deserts

A

coral reefs

  • sponges take up carbon produced, releasing it for consumption by other organisms in reef
  • recycling nutrients
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14
Q

Larger sponges have more … to increase SA

A

infolding

- more ostia and oscula

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15
Q

Sponges are remarkably able to …

A

regenerate

  • when passed through sieve
  • separate into separate species when sieved
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16
Q

Sponges reproduce … or …

A

asexually (by budding or by gemmules), sexually

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17
Q

Sponge amoebocytes are …

A

totipotent

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18
Q

Some sponges produce … - some have antibacterial activity

A

biotoxins

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19
Q

Bilateral symmetry often implies an … …

A

active lifestyle

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20
Q

Eumetazoa divided into…

A

radiata and bilateria

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21
Q

Bilateria divided into…

A

protostomia and deuterostomia

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22
Q

Cnidaria have … body layers and limited … development

A

two
- epidermis and gastrodermis - mesoglea between
organ

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23
Q

cnidaria exist in 2 forms: … and …

A

polyp (sessile), medusa (free-swimming)

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24
Q

Food taken in and waste excreted from same opening: …

A

mouth - might have lost anus rather than other animals gaining one

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25
Q

in cnidaria, … cells are totipotent

A

interstitial

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26
Q

Nematocysts, when stimulated … or …, inject … …

A

mechanically, chemically, protein toxin

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27
Q

How do carnivorous cnidarians eat

A

prey -> tentacles -> mouth (lots of mucus) -> gastrovascular cavity -> digested and taken up by nutritive muscle cells

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28
Q

What are the different groups of cnidarians?

A

Hydrozoa, scyphozoa, cubozoa, anthozoa

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29
Q

Hydrozoa are usually … and often show secondary …

A

colonial, polymorphism (e.g. showing polyp and medusa form during life cycle)

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30
Q

Hydra has no … …

A

larval stage

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31
Q

EO Wilson says the … are one of the 4 pinnacles of … evolution

A

siphonophores (e.g. portuguese man o war), social

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32
Q

In scyphozoa, the largest tentacles, associated with feeding, are called … …

A

oral arms

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33
Q

box jellyfish are more … … and will actively … their prey. They have 24 … …

A

active swimmers (rather than drifting - can swim at 2m/s), pursue, complex prey

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34
Q

In anthozoans the … stage is absent

A

medusa

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35
Q

Anthozoans have muscular … which increase SA and fill their chambers with water to act as a … …

A

septa, hydrostatic skeleton

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36
Q

Anthozoans reproduce…

A

asexually by pedal laceration and longitudinal fission, and sexually by fertilisation in gastrovascular cavity or sea, forming planula larvae - usually hermaphrodites but function as one sex at a time

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37
Q

Anthozoans are often found in … relationships

A

symbiotic, e.g. anemones and clownfish (more stripes on clownfish = more toxic anemone)

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38
Q

Corals have a skeleton of … … and build reefs. They contain … (algae) in their gastrodermis

A

calcium carbonate, zooanthellae (essential to formation of skeleton - coral bleaching caused by zooanthellae leaving coral)

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39
Q

What 2 groups are the protostomes divided into?

A

lophotrochozoa and ecdysozoa

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40
Q

The platyhelminthes are the…

A

flatworms

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41
Q

What are thought to be the basal bilateria group?

A

Xenacoelomorpha

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42
Q

Platyhelminthes are triploblastic (…), … symmetrical animals with pronounced … and … development. They are … flattened

A

acoelomate, bilaterally, cephalisation, organ, dorsoventrally (for SA:V ratio)

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43
Q

cephalisation means…

A

a concentration of nervous tissue at the anterior end

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44
Q

Platyhelminthes have a gut with … … and a simple excretory system (…)

A

one opening, protonephridia

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45
Q

Platyhelminthes have simple … … and are negatively …. They have … associated with chemical detection.

A

phototrophic (to avoid dessication), auricles

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46
Q

Platyhelminth pharynx can be…

A

inserted into food

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47
Q

Flatworms are able to … according to a gradient (use concentration differences

A

regenerate

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48
Q

Thompson and McConnell (in 50s and 60s) suggested … could be transferred … (in flatworms) but results have never been reproduced

A

memory, chemically

light + electric shock conditioning

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49
Q

Flatworms often display … … behaviour to avoid having to look after eggs (and act as a female after copulation)

A

penis fencing

50
Q

Which flatworm is considered a pest in the UK

A

New Zealand Flatworm - feeds on earthworms

51
Q

What are some adaptations often found in parasitic organisms?

A
  • loss of unwanted organs (or reduced)
  • penetration devices
  • attachment devices
  • protective devices
  • transmission via a vector
  • production of eggs etc in large numbers
52
Q

Trematode worms are called …

A

flukes

53
Q

Fluke features include…

A
  • non-ciliated syncytium (tegument)
  • suckers (oral and ventral)
  • reproduce 10,000 to 100,000 times more eggs than free-living flatworms
  • hermaphrodite (usually) and mutual copulation
  • complicated life cycles (sexual and asexual stages, intermediate hosts)
54
Q

Blood flukes give rise to…

A

schistosomiasis

  • not hermaphrodite
  • kills 200,000 a year (mainly due to diarrhoea)
55
Q

People infected by flukes show reduced … …

A

allergic reactions

56
Q

Diplostomum spathaceum causes … in the eyes of fish, making them easier to catch by seabirds, their final host

A

cataracts

- at worst when at most infectious stage

57
Q

Lancet flukes develop in snails, released and fed in by ants, which control … … of ants, making them climb … grass and clamp during the day, so they are eaten by sheep

A

nervous system, up

58
Q

Tapeworms (cestoidea) have no …, a … allowing it to attach to its host, and segments called … containing reproductive tissues

A

gut, scolex, proglottids

59
Q

Tapeworms form a … stage in the muscle

A

bladderworm

60
Q

Tapeworms are able to …-… if there is no mate nearby

A

self-fertilise

61
Q

The annelids are … animals

A

coelomate

62
Q

What are the advantages of a coelom

A
  • transport
  • gut moves independently of body wall
  • site for gamete maturation
  • hydrostatic skeleton
63
Q

Water can act as a base against which…

A

muscles cab contract

64
Q

When the circular muscles contract, the animal becomes … and …, and when the longitudinal muscles contract, the animal becomes … and …. This allows the movement of the animal (…)

A

long and thin, short and fat, peristalsis

65
Q

Annelids show … segmentation. All segments are repeated except the head (…) and tail (…) segments. New segments are formed near the ..

A

metameric, prosromium, pugidium, pigidium

66
Q

In annelids, the … runs through the entire animal. The … are found in each individual segment

A

gut (+ nerve cord and blood vessels), nephridia

67
Q

Segmentation may be modified by…

A
  • restriction of structures to particular segments
  • some segments develop special structures
  • segments may fuse together
68
Q

Clitellata have a …

A

clitellum

69
Q

Polychaetes are not …, whereas clitellata are.

A

hermaphrodites

polychaetes are dioecious

70
Q

Polychaetes have fleshy projections called … and well-developed …

A

parapodia (with setae)
- highly vascularised, for gaseous exchange
heads

71
Q

setae help to …

A

burrow and help with movement

72
Q

Polychaetes can be sedentary (often filter feeders) or …

A

errant (often predators)

73
Q

Polychaete fertilisation occurs ..

A

externally - spawning may be synchronous

74
Q

Polychaete larva is

A

trochophore form larva

75
Q

Clitellata have no …, and produce … and …. They have … restricted to a few segments

A

parapodia, clitellum, cocoons, gonads

76
Q

Oligochaetes have few … and … locomotion

A

setae, peristaltic

77
Q

Earthworms keep their body moist for gaseous exchange with …

A

mucus

- earthworms come closer to surface when it is wet

78
Q

Earthworms pull leaves into their burrows from the … …

A

narrowest point - so have some intelligence

79
Q

Earthworms reproduce with mutual … …

A 
sperm transfer (male gonopore to spermathecal opening)   -> passes over female gonopore which releases eggs
- bound tegether by mucus
80
Q

Hirudineans have no … and are restricted to … segments. They also reproduce by mutual sperm transfer. … between segments are completely broken down. Reduced … due to mode of transport using suckerson both ends instead

A

setae, 34, septa, coelom

81
Q

blood sucking leeches produce …-… and …

A

anti-coagulant (hirudin) and anaesthetic

can feed on 10 times their body weight in blood and use symbiotic bacteria to help breakdown after absorbing water.

82
Q

The molluscs are the…

A

second largest group of animals after the arthropods

83
Q

Molluscs are … animals

A

coelomate

84
Q

Molluscs have a … larval stage, which have a … of …

A

trochophore, band, cilia

85
Q

What is the mass of organs above the foot of a mollusc called?

A

visceral mass

86
Q

The visceral mass is covered by the …, which secretes the …

A

mantle, shell (not all have shell)

87
Q

Under the mantle is the mantle …, which houses the …

A

cavity, gills

88
Q

What is the feeding device of a mollusc called?

A

radula

- “conveyor belt” of grinding chitinous teeth

89
Q

What surrounds the gut of a mollusc?

A

Nerve ring

90
Q

Molluscs have … … circulatory system

A

an open

- with haemocoel

91
Q

Which group of molluscs is the most species diverse?

A

gastropods

92
Q

Gastropods have development of a … with a … for feeding, …-… … of the body, a … which acts as a shield or protective retreat, and display … (rotation of visceral mass and mantle cavity through 180 degrees)

A

head, radula, dorso-ventral, shell, torsion

+ often spiralling of visceral mass

93
Q

In gastropods, what is the next larval stage after the trochophore stage?

A

veliger larva - where torsion takes place

94
Q

What are the ideas for the advantages of torsion?

A
  • Protection of veliger larva (although studies show certain animals prefer post-torted prey - not strong evidence)
  • protection of adult (from predation or dessication)
  • Utilisation of oncoming water by gills (aids in aeration of gills
95
Q

What are the disadvantages of torsion in gastropods?

A

Anus over head (faecal matter mixed with food potentially)

96
Q

Abalone and keyhole limpets have managed the problem of torsion with…

A

holes in their shells which allow water to pass over their gills and also to remove waste from their anus

97
Q

Gastropods that have undergone de-torsion include…

A

nudibranchs (sea slugs) - have reduced or lost mantle cavity and gills in the cavity, instead having external body projections functioning as gills

  • nematocysts and bright colours to protect as have no shell
  • sea hare produces ink and opaline which interferes with antennae of crustacean predators
98
Q

Rather than being planospiral (symmetrical), most spiral shelled gastropods have shells that are…

A

conispiral (asymmetrical)
- easier to balance (not so top-heavy) and fit into small spaces - although means visceral mass may be restricted on one side

99
Q

In snails, single recessive gene responsible for…

A

opposite spiralling

- interested as may be responsible to similar opposite organs thing in humans

100
Q

Pulmonates are the …-dwelling gastropods, including … and …, and instead of gills they have a … mantle cavity, which acts like a …

A

land, snails, slugs, vascularised, lung

101
Q

What is the story of the viviparous Partula snail of tahiti?

A

Pest species African land snail (which feeds on crops) - introduced rosy wolfsnail as biological control but fed on partula instead of African land snail and wiped out species for the most part - now programmes to try and conserve

102
Q

Which muscles do bivalves use to keep their shells closed?

A

adductor muscles

103
Q

Bivalve heads and nervous systems are…

A

very reduced

104
Q

Bivalves don’t have a radula for feeding. Instead they can use their…

A

foot (primitive bivalves called protobranchs which are deposit feeders) or their gills (lamellibranchs - filter feeders)

105
Q

Most bivalves are…

A

dioecious

106
Q

What do mussels use to attach themselves to rocks?

A

Byssus threads

- also may be used as defence against predators

107
Q

Clams have hundreds of … around their mantle cavity

A

eyes

- only detect changes in light

108
Q

Cephalopods have a change in the … of the body and have their foot modified into …

A

orientation, tentacles

109
Q

instead of cilia, cephalopods use … … to pass water over their gills in their mantle cavity

A

muscular action

110
Q

Cephalopods can use jet propulsion to move by..

A

rapidly expelling water out of their exhalant siphon

111
Q

Cephalopods are dioecious and often males present the female with a …

A

spermatophore

112
Q

Cephalopods have enhanced … and well-developed …

A

cephalisation, brains

113
Q

Cephalopods have a beak with a … and some produce a … e.g. blue-ringed octopus

A

radula, neurotoxin

114
Q

What do cephalopods have that allow them to change colour?

A

chromatophores controlled by muscular action

115
Q

Cephalopods also have a … circulatory system with … hearts which pump deoxygenated blood into the gills

A

closed, accessory

116
Q

The nautilus is the only..

A

fully shelled cephalopod mollusc

117
Q

The nautilus sits in the … chamber of its shell

A

final

118
Q

In what ways are nautilus simpler than other cephalopods

A

simpler eyes, cant change colour, dont produce ink

119
Q

Why do nautilus have shells?

A

it is a buoyancy device - salt can be pumped or removed from siphuncle in shell to draw into or release water from the region in order to adjust buoyancy

120
Q

Cuttlefish have an internal …, squids have a shell reduced to a proteinaceous …, octopuses have a … or … shell

A

shell (cuttlebone - also used to adjust buoyancy), pen, vestigial, absent

121
Q

How do squids adjust buoyancy?

A

Controls amount of ammonia in body

Animal Diversity Yr 2 (6 decks)

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