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Biology > Vertebrate Final > Flashcards

Vertebrate Final Flashcards

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1
Q

Lancelets

A

Subphylum Cephalochordata < Chordata

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2
Q

Tunicates

A

Subphylum Urochordata < Chordata

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3
Q

Hagfishes

A

Class Myxini < Subphylum Craniata < Chordata

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4
Q

Lampreys

A

Class Petromyzontida < Subphylum Craniata < Chordata

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5
Q

Cartilagionous Fishes

A

Class Chondrichthyes < Subphylum Craniata < Chordata

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6
Q

Sharks, skates, rays

A

Subclass Elasmobranchii < Class Chondrichthyes < Subphylum Craniata < Chordata

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7
Q

Ray-finned fishes

A

Class Actinopterygii < Subphylum Craniata < Chordata

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8
Q

Minnows

A

Family Cyprinidae < Order Cypriniformes < Class Actinopterygii

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9
Q

Suckers

A

Order Cypriniformes < Class Actinopterygii

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10
Q

North American catfish

A

Family Ictaluridae < Order Siluriformes < Class Actinopterygii

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11
Q

Salmon, trout, whitefish

A

Family Salmonidae < Order Salmoniformes < Class Actinopterygii

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12
Q

Sunfish and Bass

A

Family Centrarchidae < Order Perciformes < Class Actinopterygii

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13
Q

Perch and Darters

A

Family Percidae < Order Perciformes < Class Actinopterygii

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14
Q

Coelacanths

A

Class Actinopterygii

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15
Q

Lungfishes

A

Class Dipnoi

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16
Q

Lungless salamanders

A

Family Plethodontidae < Order Urodela < Class Amphibia

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17
Q

True Frogs

A

Family Ranidae < Order Anura < Class Amphibia

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18
Q

True Toads

A

Family Bufonidae < Order Anura < Class Amphibia

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19
Q

Caecillians

A

Order Gymnophiona < Class Amphibia

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20
Q

Crocodiles and Alligators

A

Order Crocodillia < Class Reptilia

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21
Q

Lizards and Snakes

A

Order Squamata < Class Reptilia

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22
Q

Vipers and Pit vipers

A

Family Viperidae < Order Squamata < Class Reptilia

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23
Q

Harmless Snakes

A

Family Colubridae < Order Squamata < Class Reptilia

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24
Q

Turtles and Tortoises

A

Order Testudinata < Class Reptilia

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25
Q

Eagles, Hawks, Vultures, and others

A

Order Accipitriformes < Class Aves

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26
Q

Perching Birds

A

Order Passeriformes < Class Aves

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27
Q

Egg-laying mammals

A

Subclass Prototheria < Class Mammalia

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28
Q

Marsupial mammals

A

Infraclass Metatheria < Subclass Theria < Class Mammalia

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29
Q

Placental mammals

A

Infraclass Eutheria < Subclass Theria < Class Mammalia

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30
Q

Shrews, moles, and others

A

Order Insectivora < Infraclass Eutheria < Subclass Theria < Class Mammalia

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31
Q

Primates

A

Order Primates < Infraclass Eutheria < Subclass Theria < Class Mammalia

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32
Q

Dogs, Bears, Wolves, skunks, raccoons, weasels, cats

A

Order Carnivora < Infraclass Eutheria < Subclass Theria < Class Mammalia

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33
Q

Rats, mice, voles, squirrels, woodchucks

A

Order Rodentia < Infraclass Eutheria < Subclass Theria < Class Mammalia

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34
Q

Even-toed hoofed mammals

A

Order Ariodactyla < Infraclass Eutheria < Subclass Theria < Class Mammalia

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35
Q

Ungulate

A

Use the tips of their hoofed toes to sustain their whole body weight while moving

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36
Q

Four Key “Shared Derived” Chordate Traits

A
  1. Notochord
  2. Postanal tail
  3. Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
  4. Pharyngeal slits
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37
Q

Anatomy of Cephalochords

A

Retain all 4 chordate characteristics through life

–Notochord extends length of body

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38
Q

Habitats of Cephalochords

A

Live on sandy bottoms of coastal waters

Filter feeders

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39
Q

Anatomy of Urochordata

A

Nonliving tunic with cellulose
Most adults lose chordate characteristics during metamorphosis: Notochord and tail disappear, Dorsal nerve cord is reduced to single ganglion, and Pharyngeal slits remain.

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40
Q

Traits of Agnathans (hagfish and lampreys)

A 
No jaws
No paired fins
No internal ossification
No scales
Cartilaginous skeletons
Eel-like body
Gills
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41
Q

Traits of Myxini

A 
Non-vertebrates
Create slime
No scales
6 Tactile barbels
Keratinized dental plate
Isotonic
42
Q

Habits of Myxini

A

Worldwide distribution, marine (on continental shelves)
Some in burrows
Some in colonies

43
Q

Taxonomy

A

The science of naming and classifying species

44
Q

Phylogeny

A

The evolutionary history of a species or a taxonomic group

45
Q

Systematics

A

The study of the naming and classifying organisms within an evolutionary framework

46
Q

Cladistics

A

A method of classifying organisms according to their evolutionary relationships

47
Q

Unique Event

A

A change in character state that occurred just once in a single species

48
Q

Reversal

A

When a derived character state reverses back to something resembling the primitive condition

49
Q

Convergence

A

When a derived state arises more than once independently

50
Q

Homologous characters

A

Similar traits whose similarity is due to evolving from a common ancestral trait

51
Q

Analogous characters

A

Similar traits whose similarity is due to convergent evolution. In other words, the characteristic evolved independently

52
Q

Convergent evolution

A

Independent evolution of similar traits

53
Q

Outgroup

A

A species or taxon that diverged from the “ingroup”

54
Q

Deuterostomes

A

Cleavage: Radical and indeterminate
Coelom formation: Enterocoelous- folds archenteron form coelom
Fate of blastopore: Anus develops from blastopore

55
Q

Dispersal

A

Movement of an animal from its birthplace to where it reproduces

  • Significance: Promotes outbreeding; Leads to extension of a range or the reinvasion of a former range; Reduces intraspecific comptition
  • Density-Dependent or Innate
56
Q

Invasion

A

A type of dispersal that involves movement into a region not previously occupied by the species

57
Q

Atlantic Green Turtle Migration

A

Nesting populations of Ascension Island (East of Brazil) (< 20km in diameter)
After depositing eggs, females return to warm shallow waters off the Coast of Brazil. They will feed for several years and then return to the beach to lay another clutch of eggs.
The navigation mechanism is unknown and may involve a variety of mechanisms including an ability to detect the magnetic field of the Earth, to perceive polarized light, to use the sun and stars for orientation, and to hear low frequency sounds.

58
Q

Four types of migrations

A

Short Distance Migration: Ambystomatid salamanders from hibernacula to breeding pond
Altitudinal Migrations: Elk in western mountains spend the winters high on the mountains, but migrate to the valleys during the winter
Long-Distance Migrations: Birds, most breed in the more northern latitudes. (ex. Arctic Tern)

59
Q

Reasons for Migration

A
  • Lack of food in winter
  • Avoid energetic costs of a cold winter
  • Breed in high latitudes to take advantage of the long days that can provide more time to forage
  • Competition
60
Q

Circadian (diurnal) clock

A

An innate daily clock

61
Q

Circannual clock

A

Measures innate annual rhythms

62
Q

Map Sense

A

ability in many migratory animals to know precisely where they are even when in an area for the first time

63
Q

Homing

A

An innate ability to return to a home after foraging, migrating, or some form of displacement

64
Q

Life History Traits

A

All traits that affect an organism’s survival and reproducation

65
Q

Density-Dependent Factors of Population Size

A

Competition, Territoriality, Disease, Predation, Build-up of waste, Intrinsic factors

66
Q

Home Range

A

An area where an animal spends most of its time in its normal activities of gathering food, mating, and caring for young

  • -May overlap within a species
  • -Usually marked by pheromones, urine, or excrement
67
Q

Territory

A

The portion of a home range that is defended, usually from other members of the species

68
Q

“Dear Enemy” Recognition

A

The ability to recognize territorial neighbors has been called “dear enemy” recognition and may be advantageous since it minimizes time and energy spent on territorial defense and on the risk of injury

69
Q

Density-independent Factors of Population Size

A

Factors that limit population size regardless of density of population
-Associated with natural disasters or climate

70
Q

Cambrian

A

540 : Earliest Chordate fossils
Causes: Changes in predator-prey relationship; increased levels of O2; Origin of Hox genes

–Most basal Chordate: Lampreys (Petromyzontida)

71
Q

Ordovician

A

490

72
Q

Silurian

A

445

73
Q

Devonian

A

415 Age of Fishes

74
Q

Carboniferous

A

360 Origin of the Tetrapods, Age of Amphibians

–Came from Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish)

75
Q

Permian

A

300

76
Q

Triassic

A

250

77
Q

Jurassic

A

200

78
Q

Cretaceous

A

145

79
Q

Amnion

A

Protects, cushions embryo in fluid

–Develops as an outgrowth of the body wally

80
Q

Allantois

A

Storage of metabolic wastes

-Develops as an outgrowth off the hindgut

81
Q

Chorion

A

Chorion & Allantois are involved in gas exchange between the embryo and the air

  • Develops as an outgrowth of the body wall
  • Completely envelops the other membranes
82
Q

Yolk Sac

A

Contains the yolk, which composed of nutrients for the embryo. Other nutrients are stored in the albumen. By the end of development, the yolk sac is absorbed.
-Note that this is not a new development since fishes also have a yolk sac

83
Q

Biogeography

A

Study of the distribution of organisms: Species or higher taxonomic groupings
–Investigates current distributions and tries to determine how they came about

84
Q

Zoogeography

A

focuses only on animals

-A biogeography

85
Q

Geologic Range

A

a taxon’s past and present distribution

86
Q

Geographic Range

A

the specific land or water area where the taxon is found

87
Q

Ecological distribution

A

The biotic communities in which the taxon is found

88
Q

Physical barriers of Dispersal

A

Land, freshwater, saltwater, elevation, topography

89
Q

Psychological barriers of Dispersal

A

Structure that are not crossed even though the physical means exists
–Roads for some small mammals, Open spaces for some neotropical birds

90
Q

Climate Barriers of Dispersal

A

Temperature, humidity, rainfall, sunlight

91
Q

Biological Barriers

A

Availability of food, presence of predators, competitors

92
Q

Human Influences of Dispersal

A

Introductions, Extinctions promoted or caused directly by humans, influences on the environment

93
Q

Lithosphere

A

crust & outer

  • “tectonic plates”
  • Continental plates are less dense than oceanic plates
94
Q

Mammals in S. America before the Great American Interchange

A
  1. Edentates (placentals): sloths, armadillos, and anteaters
  2. Rodents & new world primates
  3. Recent Colonizers
95
Q

Species that entered N. America during GAI

A

American Opossum, Armadillo, Porcupine

96
Q

Species that entered S. America during GAI

A

Skunk, Puma, Horse, Bear, Deer

97
Q

Bearing Strait Exchange

A 
To N. America:
Mammoths & Mastadons
Caribou
Bison
Moose
Elk
Bear
To S. America: 
Camel & Horse
98
Q

Description of Class Petromyzontida (Lampreys)

A 
No jaws
No paired fins
No scales
Fibrous, cartilaginous skeletons
Notochord remains in adult
Eel-like body
Respire with gills
Vertebral Column
Suckerlike oral disc
Mouth w/ tongue, keratinized teeth on disc and tongue
7 pr of gills and gill slits
1-2 dorsal fins
Well-developed eyes
99
Q

Anadromous

A

Give birth in fresh water, live in marine

100
Q

Semelparous

A

Mate once per life-time

101
Q

Adaptations of Shark Vision

A

Rod-rich retina
Guanine crystals, act like mirrors to increase the light’s likelihood of being absorbed
Nictitating membrane, protective cover over eyes

102
Q

Ampullae of Lorenzini

A

An Electroreceptor System, Detects tiny electrical fields created by muscular movement

Biology (11 decks)

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