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Senior Comps Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is an animal?

A

a multicellular heterotroph that utilizes ingestion

  • -Eukaryotes that lack cell wall (utilize collagen)
  • -Most have muscle and nerve cells
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2
Q

What is an animal?

A

a multicellular heterotroph that utilizes ingestion

  • -Eukaryotes that lack cell wall (utilize collagen)
  • -Most have muscle and nerve cells
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3
Q

Fertilization

A

flagellated sperm joins with the egg to form a diploid zygote

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4
Q

Cleavage

A

a series of mitotic cell division

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5
Q

Blastula

A

after a number of divisions, a fluid-filled cavity, the blastocoel, develops forming a hollow ball of cells know as the blastula

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6
Q

Gastrulation

A

rearrangement of the cells occur in preparation for tissue formation. The archenteron, blastopore and germ layers develop. Known as the gastrula.

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7
Q

Organogenesis

A

the movement of cells and tissues to form organs

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8
Q

Hox genes

A

uniting genes that all animals share which govern development

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9
Q

Cytoplasmic determinants

A

molecules contained in the egg that regulate expression of developmental cells

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10
Q

Fertilization

A

flagellated sperm joins with the egg to form a diploid zygote

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11
Q

Cleavage

A

a series of mitotic cell division

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12
Q

Blastula

A

after a number of divisions, a fluid-filled cavity, the blastocoel, develops forming a hollow ball of cells know as the blastula

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13
Q

Gastrulation

A

rearrangement of the cells occur in preparation for tissue formation. The archenteron, blastopore and germ layers develop. Known as the gastrula.

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14
Q

Organogenesis

A

the movement of cells and tissues to form organs

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15
Q

Hox genes

A

uniting genes that all animals share which govern development

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16
Q

Cytoplasmic determinants

A

molecules contained in the egg that regulate expression of developmental cells

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17
Q

Cell differentiation

A

the divergence of cells to their specialized roles

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18
Q

Morphogenesis

A

the development of body shape and organization

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19
Q

Metamorphosis

A

the transition from a distinct larval stage to adult

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20
Q

Diploblastic

A

Two tissue layers: ectoderm & endoderm

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21
Q

Triploblastic

A

Three tissue layers: ectoderm, endoderm, & mesoderm

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22
Q

Coelom

A

is a fluid-filled body cavity between the intestines and the body wall, lined with mesodermal epithelium

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23
Q

Coelomates

A

organism with a coelom

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24
Q

Pseudocoelomates

A

organisms with a false coelom, only partially mesodermal

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25
Q

Acoelomate

A

An animal that lacks a coelom

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26
Q

Protostome

A

organism with spiral cleavage (determinate)

  • mesoderm splits and forms coelom
  • blastopore forms mouth
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27
Q

Deuterostome

A

organism with radial cleavage (indeterminate)

  • Coelom buds from the archenteron
  • blastopore forms anus
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28
Q

Calcarea and Silicea

A
  • Invertebrates: Sponges

- Sessile, lack true tissues, suspension feeders - choanocytes

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29
Q

Cnidaria

A
  • Invertebrates: Eumetazoans; corals, jellies, hydras
  • Diploblastic
  • Radial symmetry
  • One opening to gastrovascular cavity
  • Polyp or medusa forms
  • Specialized stinging cells
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30
Q

Lopotrochozoa

A
  • Invertebrates:
  • -Plathyelminthes (flatworms); Rotifers; Ectoprocts; Brachiopods; Molluscs; Annelids
  • Bilateria
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31
Q

Plathyelminthes

A

A lopotrochozoan
Flatworms
Bilateral, no body cavity, CNS and sensory organs, acoelomates

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32
Q

Rotifers

A

A lopotrochozoan

small, wheel like mouth, alimentary canal, pseudocoelomates

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33
Q

Ectoprocts

A

A lopotrochozoan

sessile, exoskeleton

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34
Q

Brachiopods

A

A lopotrochozoan

marine, hinged dorsal ventral with a stalk

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35
Q

Molluscs

A

A lopotrochozoan
soft bodied, coelomates with foot, visceral mass and mantle, most have hard shell
-Chitons, gastropods, bivalves, and cephalopods

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36
Q

Annelids

A

A lopotrochozoan

segmented worms, coelomates, need moist environment, digestive tract is unsegmented

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37
Q

Ecdysozoa

A

Nemotodes and Arthropods

-Molt - shedding of the cuticle

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38
Q

Nemotodes

A

Ecdysozoans

  • Roundworms
  • Cylindrical, tough cuticle coating the body
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39
Q

Arthropods

A

Ecdysozoans

  • Majority of known animal species
  • Crustaceans, arachnids, and other arthropods
  • Segmented exoskeleton and jointed appendages
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40
Q

Echinodermata

A
  • Start of deuterostomes
  • Water vascular system with tube feet
  • Larvae have bilateral symmetry, adults with five-part body organization
  • Often have spiny exoskeleton
  • Includes: sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, and sea cucumbers
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41
Q

Chordates

A

Four uniting characteristics: Notochord, Dorsal hollow nerve cord, Pharyngeal slits, Post anal tail

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42
Q

Cephalochordata

A

Lancelets

  • Retain chordate characteristics
  • Bottom dwelling marine
  • filter feed, water moves to atrium then out through atriopore
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43
Q

Urochordata

A

Tunicates

  • Filter feeds using incurrent siphon, atrium and excurrent siphon
  • Losses most chordate characteristics except pharyngeal slits
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44
Q

Myxini

A

Hagfishes

  • Carliaginous skull - craniates
  • Notochord persists
  • Produce slime
  • Tie selves in knots
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45
Q

Petromyzontida

A

Lampreys

  • Have vertebral column - start vertebrates
  • Notochord persists
  • 7 pairs of gills, one nostril opening, lateral line with neuromast organs
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46
Q

Chondrichthyes

A

Cartilaginous fishes (sharks, skates, rays, and chimeras)

  • Development of jaws
  • Skeleton may have some hardening
  • Placcoid scales
  • No swim bladder
  • Internal fertilization
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47
Q

Actinopterygii

A

Ray-finned fishes

  • Addition of lungs or lung derivatives
  • Ossified endoskeleton
  • Utilize swim bladder
  • Maneuverable fins are supported by boney rays
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48
Q

Actinistia

A

Coelacanths

  • Rise of the lobed-fins
  • Use lobed-fins to “walk”
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49
Q

Dipnoi

A

Lungfishes

  • Also have lobed-fins
  • Use both lungs and gills
  • Freshwater
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50
Q

Amphibia

A
  • Start of the Tetrapods (two sets of paired limbs with digits)
  • Breath through moist skin
  • Can live on land if close to water
  • Frogs, salamanders, and caecilians
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51
Q

Reptilia

A
  • Start of Amniotes
  • Scales
  • Internal fertilization
  • Tuataras, lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodilians, aves (w/ modified scales and endothermic)
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52
Q

Mammalia

A

-Shared derived characteristics are hair and mammary glands

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53
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

connecting monomers with the help of enzymes

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54
Q

Hydrolysis

A

the splitting of a polymer by adding water to a covalent bond

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55
Q

Cellular Respiration Formula

A

Glucose (C6H12O6) + 6O2 > 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

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56
Q

glycosidic linkage

A

Formation of disaccharides and polysaccharides by dehydration synthesis

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57
Q

Saturated

A
  • a solid

- single bond

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58
Q

Unsaturated

A
  • an oil

- double bond

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59
Q

Pyrimidines

A
  • one ring bases

- Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil (only in RNA)

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60
Q

Purines

A
  • two ring bases
  • Adenine
  • Guanine
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61
Q

List the 10 Organ Systems

A
  1. Endocrine
  2. Nervous
  3. Musculoskeletal
  4. Cardiovascular
  5. Respiratory
  6. Urinary
  7. Gastrointestinal
  8. Reproductive
  9. Immune
  10. Integumentary
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62
Q

Job of primary endocrine organs

A

secrete hormones

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63
Q

Hypothalamus

A

releases hormones that regulate the release of anterior pituitary hormones

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64
Q

Secretions of the Pituitary gland

A
  • Anterior: Growth hormone (GH); Prolactin; Luteinizing hormone (LH); Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • Posterior: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH); Oxytocin
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65
Q

Secondary endocrine organs

A

Secrete hormones as a secondary function

  • Heart (ANP)
  • liver (insulin like growth factors)
  • stomach
  • small intestine
  • kidney (erythropoietin)
  • skin
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66
Q

Two Adrenal Glands

A
  1. Adrenal cortex: secretes steroids

2. Medulla Oblongate: Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Dopamine

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67
Q

Three components of a spinal cord

A

a. neurons and glial cells (supporting)
b. white matter: myelinated axons
c. gray matter: synaptic communication and neural integration

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68
Q

Three components of the brain

A

a. forebrain: cerebrum- cerebral cortex, motor control and sensory perception
b. Diencephalon: thalamus- relay center; hypothalamus-releases tropic hormones
c. Cerebellum: motor coordination and balance
d. Brainstem: midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

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69
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

-motor and sensory divisions

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70
Q

Musculoskeletal system (5 parts)

A

serves as support and protections for other organs in the body

  1. skeletal muscle
  2. tendon
  3. bone
  4. ligaments
  5. cartilage
71
Q

Cardiovascular system (3 parts)

A
  1. Heart
  2. Blood Vessels
  3. Blood
72
Q

Respiratory System

A
  1. Internal respiration

2. External respiration

73
Q

Pathway through respiratory tract

A

nose or mouth> pharynx> larynx> trachea> bronchi> bronchioles> alveoli

74
Q

Urinary System

A

two kidneys, two ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

75
Q

Functions of the kidney

A 
regulate plasma ion concentration
regulate plasma volume
regulate plasma pH
removes waste
makes and secrets erythropoeitin
secretes renin
activates vitamin D3
gluconeogenesis; synthesis of new glucose
76
Q

Gastrointestinal System

A

Digestion, Absorption, Secretion

77
Q

Digestion (carbs, protein, fats)

A

Carbs: mouth (salivary amylase)
Protein: stomach (pepsin)
Fats: lipases

78
Q

Immune System

A
  1. Leukocytes: Pharocytes & Lymphocytes (B and T helper)

2. Lymph Tissue

79
Q

Purpose of Integumentary System

A

-protects internal tissues and organs
-protects from dehydration
-protects against invasion from infectious organisms
-maintains homeostasis
(Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis)

80
Q

Characteristics of Prokaryotes

A 
Bacteria and Archaea
Unicellular
Lack membrane-bound nuclei and organelles
Ribosomes for protein production
Cell wall
Asexual reproduction (Binary fission)
81
Q

Genetic Recombination

A

the process by which two DNA molecules exchange genetic information, resulting in the production of a new combination of alleles

82
Q

Transformation (genetic)

A

the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake, incorporation and expression of exogenous genetic material from its surrounding and taken up through cell membrane

83
Q

Transduction (genetic)

A

the process by which DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another by a virus

84
Q

Bacterial conjugation

A

the transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells by direct cell-to-cell contact or by a bridge-like connection between two cells

85
Q

Photoautotroph

A

An organism that derives its energy for food synthesis from light and is capable of using carbon dioxide as its principal source of carbon

86
Q

Chemoautotroph

A

An organism that obtains it nourishment through the oxidation of inorganic compounds

87
Q

Photoheterotroph

A

An organism that depends on light for most of its energy and principally on organic compounds for its carbon

88
Q

Chemoheterotroph

A

An organism that obtains its energy from the oxidation of organic compounds

89
Q

Symbiosis (2 types)

A

the close interactions between two or more species

  1. Mutualism: both benefit
  2. Commensalism: one benefits, the other is unaffected
90
Q

Parasitism

A

interactions between two species where one benefits at the expense of the other

91
Q

Archaea

A

Prokaryotes including: Extremophiles, Halophiles, Thermophiles, Methanogens, Nanoarchaeota

92
Q

Exotoxins

A

Secreted by Bacteria
Very potent
heat-sensitive
Immunogenic (Vaccines)

93
Q

Endotoxins

A

Contained within bacteria (Lipopolysaccharides)
larger amounts
Heat-resistant
Weakly immunogenic

94
Q

Gram-negative bacteria

A

Stain pink
Thinner peptidoglycan cell wall layer does not retain crystal violet dye.
Many are pathogenic, others are nitrogen-fixers
Endotoxic

95
Q

Gram-positive bacteria

A

Stain purple
Thicker peptidoglycan cell wall layer retains crystal violet dye.
Exotoxic

96
Q

Viral reproduction

A

Attach to host cell, reprogram host cell, copy viral nucleic acid, manufacture viral proteins, assemble viral components, lyse host cell, release new viruses (NOT ALL EXACT)

97
Q

Fungi

A

Eukaryotic
Heterotrophic- Decomposers
Asexual reproduction (budding, or filaments and spores)
Includes yeasts and molds

98
Q

Protists

A

Eukaryotes w/ contractile vacuoles

Diverse Group: Autotrophs, Heterotrophs, mixotrophs

99
Q

Plant Vascular Tissue

A

Transport of material

  • Xylem: water
  • Phloem: food
100
Q

Plant Dermal Tissue

A

Protection

  • Epidermis
  • Cuticle
101
Q

Plant Ground Tissue

A

Photosynthesis, storage, and support

102
Q

Parenchyma Cells

A

Plant cells that control metabolic function (photosynthesis), thin cell walls

103
Q

Collenchyma Cells

A

plant support cells, primary thick uneven cell walls

104
Q

Sclerenchyma Cells

A

plant support cells, secondary cells walls (lignin), functionally dead at maturity (ex. bark)

105
Q

Xylem

A

Transpiration drives cohesion and adhesion of water from the roots to the shoots.
Cohesion and adhesion allows water molecules to stick both to the cell walls of plant cells to other water molecules helping with transpirational forces.

106
Q

Phloem

A

Translocation pushes sap through the sieve tube to sink cells of roots.
The diffusion of water and sugar creates a pressure gradient that pushes water and sap down the sieve tube to the sugar sink in root cells. Transpirational forces then recycle water by pulling it back up to the shoots.

107
Q

Plant Control of Transpiration

A

Stomata cells open through turgor pressure to reduce water loss and facilitate gas exchange

  • When cells are turgid the guard cells open the stomata
  • Expelling the water causes the guard cells to become flaccid and closes the stomata cells
  • K+ ions also play a role in the guard cells. The accumulation of K+ ions causes them to take up water opening the stomata cells
108
Q

Meristems (plant)

A

regions of unspecialized cells for different types of growth

109
Q

Primary Growth (plant)

A

elongation controlled by apical meristems

110
Q

Secondary growth (plant)

A

thickening of outer cells found only in woody plants and controlled by lateral meristems

  • Vascular cambium produces new layers of secondary xylem each year, while the cork cambium produces new periderm which forms the bark
  • Monocots cannot do this.
111
Q

Alternation of generations

A

Plants spend half of their life cycle as a multicellular 1n stage called gametophyte generation and the second half as a multicellular 2n stage called the sporophyte generation

  • -Spores are produced by meiosis (via sporangia) and develop into either a bisexual gametophyte or two separate male and female gametophytes
  • -Gametes are developed through mitosis and through fertilization form a zygote which develops into the sporophyte through mitosis
112
Q

Bryophytes

A

Seedless non-vascular plants

  • Dominant gametophyte generation
  • Flagellated sperm- still depend on water for fertilization
  • Spores are wind dispersed from sporangia- allows them to spread farther
  • Liverworts, Hornworts, and Mosses
113
Q

Pteridophytes

A

Seedless Vascular plants

  • Sporophyte dominant
  • megaphylls and microphylls evolved to leaves - greater photosynthetic capcit
  • -Strobilli- a collection of sporophylls (spore producing leaves) which allows for greater dispersal of spores
  • Heterospory- Gametophyte is no longer homosporous (bisexual) which allows for greater genetic diversity
  • Club mosses, Horsetails, and Ferns
114
Q

Gymnosperms

A

Vascular seed plants

  • Further reduced gametophytes- now nourishes the growing sporophyte generation
  • True seeds make dispersal easier- outer seed coat protects the growing sporophyte from desiccation
  • Double Fertilization- a process by which both the egg and polar nuclei are fertilized by sperm. The polar nuclei develops into a 3n sperm nuclei which will nourish the developing zygote
115
Q

Angiosperms

A

Flowering plants

  • Most diverse and abundant plants on earth
  • Flowers are highly efficient reproduction structures containing boy Stamen (male) and Carpel (female) sections. Petals (modified leaves) help attract pollinators which will spread pollen (sperm) to another plant increasing genetic diversity.
  • Fruit helps in dispersal of seeds- A thickened ovary layer contains a high amount of carbohydrates which is enticing to animals which will eat the fruit and then disperse seed.
116
Q

Population

A

A group of organisms of one species that interbreed and live in the same place at the same time

116
Q

Population

A

A group of organisms of one species that interbreed and live in the same place at the same time

117
Q

Migration

A

the traveling of long distances in search of a new habitat

117
Q

Migration

A

the traveling of long distances in search of a new habitat

118
Q

Circadian Rhythms

A

a roughly 24 hour cycle in the physiological processes of living beings, including plants, animals, fungi and cyanobacteria

118
Q

Circadian Rhythms

A

a roughly 24 hour cycle in the physiological processes of living beings, including plants, animals, fungi and cyanobacteria

119
Q

Circannual Rhythms

A

a one year cycle in the physiological processes of living beings, despite environmental cues

119
Q

Circannual Rhythms

A

a one year cycle in the physiological processes of living beings, despite environmental cues

120
Q

Learning

A

Modification of behavior based on experience

120
Q

Learning

A

Modification of behavior based on experience

121
Q

5 Examples of Learned Behavior

A
  1. Imprinting
  2. Spatial learning
  3. Associative Learning
  4. Cognitive and Problem Solving
  5. Social Learning
121
Q

5 Examples of Learned Behavior

A
  1. Imprinting
  2. Spatial learning
  3. Associative Learning
  4. Cognitive and Problem Solving
  5. Social Learning
122
Q

Costs and benefits of foraging

A

Benefits 1. Calories 2. Essential nutrients

Costs 1. Risk of predation 2. Energy spent capturing/ handling food 3. Energy spent digesting food

122
Q

Costs and benefits of foraging

A

Benefits 1. Calories 2. Essential nutrients

Costs 1. Risk of predation 2. Energy spent capturing/ handling food 3. Energy spent digesting food

123
Q

Polygamy

A

Having multiple mates

123
Q

Polygamy

A

Having multiple mates

124
Q

Polyandry

A

one female, multiple males

124
Q

Polyandry

A

one female, multiple males

125
Q

Polygyny

A

one male, multiple females

125
Q

Polygyny

A

one male, multiple females

126
Q

Determining the Growth Rate

A

“r”= per capita growth rate = birth - death

Rmax : intrinsic rate of growth

126
Q

Determining the Growth Rate

A

“r”= per capita growth rate = birth - death

Rmax : intrinsic rate of growth

127
Q

Biotic Potential

A

The reproductive potential of a population under ideal conditions, limited only by intrinsic factors

127
Q

Biotic Potential

A

The reproductive potential of a population under ideal conditions, limited only by intrinsic factors

128
Q

Determining Factors of Biotic Potential

A 
Age when first capable of reproduction
Time between reproductive events
Number of offspring/ reproductive effort
Length of the reproductive life
Survival of the young
128
Q

Determining Factors of Biotic Potential

A 
Age when first capable of reproduction
Time between reproductive events
Number of offspring/ reproductive effort
Length of the reproductive life
Survival of the young
129
Q

Factors that Regulate Population Growth

A
  1. Density Dependent Factors: Disease, Predation, Intrinsic Factors, Build of Toxic Waste, Frequency of Reproductions
  2. Density Independent Factors: Natural disasters
129
Q

Factors that Regulate Population Growth

A
  1. Density Dependent Factors: Disease, Predation, Intrinsic Factors, Build of Toxic Waste, Frequency of Reproductions
  2. Density Independent Factors: Natural disasters
130
Q

Semelparity

A

“Big Bang Production” followed by death

130
Q

Semelparity

A

“Big Bang Production” followed by death

131
Q

Iteroparity

A

Repeated reproduction

131
Q

Iteroparity

A

Repeated reproduction

132
Q

K-selection

A

density-dependent selection for traits that increase fitness at high density
Favors traits that provide an advantage to populations living at high densities in stable environment

132
Q

K-selection

A

density-dependent selection for traits that increase fitness at high density
Favors traits that provide an advantage to populations living at high densities in stable environment

133
Q

R-selection

A

Selection for traits that maximize r (growth rate)

Favors traits that provide an advantage to populations living at low densities in unpredictable environments

133
Q

R-selection

A

Selection for traits that maximize r (growth rate)

Favors traits that provide an advantage to populations living at low densities in unpredictable environments

134
Q

Community

A

A group of organisms or populations living within the same area and interacting with each other

134
Q

Community

A

A group of organisms or populations living within the same area and interacting with each other

135
Q

Intraspecific Interactions

A

interactions involving individuals of the same species

135
Q

Intraspecific Interactions

A

interactions involving individuals of the same species

136
Q

interspecific Interactions

A

interactions involving individuals of different species

136
Q

interspecific Interactions

A

interactions involving individuals of different species

137
Q

The Island Equilibrium Model

A

Theory: Number of species of any taxon established on an island represents an equilibrium between immigration and extinction

137
Q

The Island Equilibrium Model

A

Theory: Number of species of any taxon established on an island represents an equilibrium between immigration and extinction

138
Q

Ecosystem

A

A community of living organisms in conjunction with the non-living components of the environment

138
Q

Ecosystem

A

A community of living organisms in conjunction with the non-living components of the environment

139
Q

Productivity

A

Rate at which energy and matter are incorporated into the body of an organism

139
Q

Productivity

A

Rate at which energy and matter are incorporated into the body of an organism

140
Q

Primary Productivity

A

Amount of light energy converted to chemical energy by the autotrophs of an ecosystem in a given period of times
Convert only 1-2% of sunlight energy to primary productivity

140
Q

Primary Productivity

A

Amount of light energy converted to chemical energy by the autotrophs of an ecosystem in a given period of times
Convert only 1-2% of sunlight energy to primary productivity

141
Q

Secondary Productivity

A

The amount of chemical energy taken in by a consumer that is converted to biomass during a given period of time

141
Q

Secondary Productivity

A

The amount of chemical energy taken in by a consumer that is converted to biomass during a given period of time

142
Q

Trophic efficiencies

A

Production efficiencies for entire trophic levels
Expressed energetically
Generally around 10%

142
Q

Trophic efficiencies

A

Production efficiencies for entire trophic levels
Expressed energetically
Generally around 10%

143
Q

Two Basic Types of Biogeochemical Cycles

A
  1. Global/Gaseous: main “pools” are the atmosphere and the ocean (short term global circulation) (ex. Carbon Cycle)
  2. Local/Sedimentary: main “pools” are the soil and the rocks
    Tend to circulate on a more local scale (General model of nutrient cycle)
143
Q

Two Basic Types of Biogeochemical Cycles

A
  1. Global/Gaseous: main “pools” are the atmosphere and the ocean (short term global circulation) (ex. Carbon Cycle)
  2. Local/Sedimentary: main “pools” are the soil and the rocks
    Tend to circulate on a more local scale (General model of nutrient cycle)
144
Q

Decomposition

A

Process where saprophytic fungi and prokaryotes convert nonliving organic matter in inorganic form

144
Q

Decomposition

A

Process where saprophytic fungi and prokaryotes convert nonliving organic matter in inorganic form

Biology (11 decks)

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